Transistor equivalent circuit

When to use a relay

Transistors cannot switch AC or high voltages (such as mains electricity) and they are not usually a good choice for switching large currents (> 5A). In these cases a relay will be needed, but note that a low power transistor may still be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil!

Advantages of relays:

• Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
• Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
• Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
• Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays:

• Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.
• Relays cannot switch rapidly, transistors can switch many times per second.
• Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
• Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low power transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

A transistor inverter (NOT gate)

Inverters (NOT gates) are available on logic chips but if you only require one inverter it is usually better to use this circuit. The output signal (voltage) is the inverse of the input signal:

• When the input is high (+Vs) the output is low (0V).
• When the input is low (0V) the output is high (+Vs).

Any general purpose low power NPN transistor can be used. For general use R_B = 10k and R_C = 1k, then the inverter output can be connected to a device with an input impedance (resistance) of at least 10k such as a logic chip or a 555 timer (trigger and reset inputs). If you are connecting the inverter to a CMOS logic chip input (very high impedance) you can increase R_B to 100k and R_C to 10k, this will reduce the current used by the inverter.

Using a transistor switch with sensors

The top circuit diagram shows an LDR (light sensor) connected so that the LED lights when the LDR is in darkness. The variable resistor adjusts the brightness at which the transistor switches on and off. Any general purpose low power transistor can be used in this circuit.

The 10k fixed resistor protects the transistor from excessive base current (which will destroy it) when the variable resistor is reduced to zero. To make this circuit switch at a suitable brightness you may need to experiment with different values for the fixed resistor, but it must not be less than 1k.

If the transistor is switching a load with a coil, such as a motor or relay, remember to add a protection diode across the load.

The switching action can be inverted, so the LED lights when the LDR is brightly lit, by swapping the LDR and variable resistor. In this case the fixed resistor can be omitted because the LDR resistance cannot be reduced to zero.

Note that the switching action of this circuit is not particularly good because there will be an intermediate brightness when the transistor will be partly on (not saturated). In this state the transistor is in danger of overheating unless it is switching a small current. There is no problem with the small LED current, but the larger current for a lamp, motor or relay is likely to cause overheating.

Other sensors, such as a thermistor, can be used with this circuit, but they may require a different variable resistor. You can calculate an approximate value for the variable resistor (Rv) by using a multimeter to find the minimum and maximum values of the sensor's resistance (Rmin and Rmax):

Variable resistor, Rv = square root of (Rmin × Rmax)

For example an LDR: Rmin = 100, Rmax = 1M, so Rv = square root of (100 × 1M) = 10k.

You can make a much better switching circuit with sensors connected to a suitable IC (chip). The switching action will be much sharper with no partly on state.

computer virus

Introduction about computer virus for students

History Of Virus

The possibility of self-replicating code was discussed among scientists as early as the 1960’s and the first known example was demonstrated at Xerox Corporation in 1974.
Dr. Frederick Cohen began research on actual computer viruses in 1983 at the University of Southern California and subsequently warnings concerning the potential widespread virus epidemics were made.

The University of California at Los Angeles received funding from IBM Corporation and the National Science Foundation also researched about computer viruses.
VIRUS ORIGIN PAKISTANI (also called Brain) University of Delaware
LEHIGH (also called COMMAND.COM) Lehigh University
FRIDAY THE 13TH (also called April Fool) Hebrew University in Jerusalem
CHRISTMAS (also called Christmas Card or Christmas Tree) virus West Germany
The Pakistani, Lehigh, Friday the 13th viruses spread primarily from infected computers that were shared within University libraries and computer laboratories.
Many students unknowingly carried infected diskettes from the lab to their own computers and back again, causing campus wide epidemics that were very difficult to eradicate.
The Christmas Virus was actually an electronic chain letter that sent duplicates of itself through the worldwide Vitnet electronic mail system, from its origin in West Germany, this fast-multiplying “Merry Christmas” message spread over five continents, and within a few days had swamped the IBM electronic mail system.

How Does a Virus Works?

Most viruses are written in an assembler or machine code to remain fast and small, and thereby elusive; however, viruses can be written in any programming language that supports file manipulation; even batch and macro languages commonly used within spreadsheets and other software products can support virus like activity.
Viruses usually attach themselves to other executable files or inside the operating system.
As a virus must be run to do its work, one that resides in the operating system is usually a more serious threat because it can be continually active and continually watching for opportunities to infect or attack.
An executable file vim’s typically appends a copy of itself to the beginning of another program.
When the program is run, the virus runs first, attempts to infect another program, and then passes control to the usually sees nothing wrong except possibly a run-the time it takes the virus to infect another program.

Why Are Viruses Written?

Many viruses show evidence of having been “hacked” or modified by a number of different people over a period. In many cases, what was originally a harmless virus is turned into a dangerous virus.
Many viruses are designed only to infect and contain no intentionally destructive logic. They appear to have been created out of curiosity, for the intellectual challenge, or even as instructor-authorized programming projects in school (an unwise exercise).
Some viruses are designed from the start as destructive weapons. Motives for their development and/or intentional introduction into a system may include thrill seeking, political aims or revenge against an employer, co-worker, industry, government agency, or the society as whole.
Safety Precautions to Prevent Infections:
1. Avoid borrowing diskettes from other sources especially from your classmates. Avoid using programs of others.
2. Refrain from using other system disks for booting up your computer.
3. Label your disk properly.
4. All system programs like DOS, WS, LOTUS 123 must be write-protected.
5. Use a virus detection and removal utility software regularly.
6. Check all new programs or software you buy before using.
7. Back up all your data files.8. Do not allow others to run their programs on your PC.

Molecular electronics-MES at www.Liu.se

the weblink is about theprogramme courses

Electrochemistry Dictionary

Electrochemistry Encyclopedia

Nanoworks,
organic semiconductors new -typen and n-type

Electrochemical Science and Technology Information Resource (ESTIR)

How 3D graphics works
Photovoltaic Devices and applications an online course from australia

micro Electronic web links

http://www.es.lth.se/ugradcourses/ICproj-digital/images/dasic.pdf

Analogue Electronics – prepared by Dr. Ricardo Mediavilla, UPR-Bayamón
Welcome to the analog electronics database! In it you will find the URL addresses of multiple
Web sites with interesting information practically covering all areas of analog electronics. In this
collection of Web sites you will find information spanning from components, to projects for the
hobbyist, to system level descriptions and explanations, to on-line courses, to white papers on
basically every aspect of analog electronics.
For each identified Web site a brief description of its content, presentation highlights, technical
depth, and an evaluation of its potential as an educational resource is included.
Even though in many instances commercial or corporate Web sites were selected, great effort
was placed to select Web sites not advertising any specific product or service. Another important
selection criteria was that visitors should be able to obtain valuable technical information free of
charge.
The listed topics are:
• Tutorials on analog electronics and related topics
• Amplifiers
• Design principles and recommendations
• Power Supplies
• Communications
• Transformers
• Filters
• On-line courses on analog electronics
• Products and materials
• Soldering
• Power electronics
• Printed circuit boards
• Projects
• Oscillators
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Inductors
• Semiconductors
• Radio frequency / electromagnetics
• Test instruments
• Integrated circuits
• Wiring
• Links to other Web sites on analog electronics
• Terminology and acronyms
• Instrumentation/industrial electronics
• Vacuum tubes
100
Tutorials
http://www.eg3.com/WebID/elect/engineer/blank/resource/a-z.htm
Resources, tutorials, faq's on electronics
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/ohms-law.htm
Ohms law tutorial
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/electron-theory.htm
Electron theory and atoms.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/current.htm
Current
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/voltage.htm
Voltage
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/resistance.htm
Resistance
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/resistor-color-code.htm
Resistor color code
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/attenuators.htm
Attenuators: design and principles
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/decibel.htm
decibels
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/reactance.htm
capacitive reactance
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/capacitance.htm
capacitance
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/factors-determine-capacitance.htm
Factors determining capacitance
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/working-voltage-capacitance.htm
Capacitor working voltage and dielectric strength.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/energy-stored-capacitor.htm
Energy stored in a capacitor
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/modern-capacitors.htm
Modern capacitors
101
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/polarization-capacitor.htm
Polarization of capacitors
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/power-supply.htm
Power supplies
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/power-supply-regulated.htm
Low current regulated power supplies
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/power-supp-hi-regulated.htm
High current regulated power supplies.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/power-supp-variable.htm
Variable power supplies
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/test-equip/meters.htm
Meters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/impedance.htm
Impedance
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/inductance.htm
Inductance
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/mobius-winding.htm
Special winding techniques
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/audio-transformers.htm
Audio transformers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/impedance-matching.htm
Impedance matching
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/band-pass-filters.htm
Band-pass filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/if-amplifier-filters.htm
IF amplifier filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/high-pass-filters.htm
High-pass filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/low-pass-filters.htm
Low-pass filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/active-bandpass-filters.htm
Active band-pass filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/if-amplifier-transformers.htm
IF amplifier transformers
102
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/toroids.htm
Toroids
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/tuned-circuits.htm
Tuned circuit amplifiers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/chokes.htm
Chokes
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/filters.htm
LC filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/q.htm
Quality factor Q.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/resonance.htm
Resonance
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/trap-filter.htm
Harmonic trap filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/filters.htm
Filters tutorial site
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/antenna-pre-selector-filters.htm
Antenna pre-selector filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/buffer-amplifiers.htm
Buffer amplifiers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/voltage-controlled-oscillators.htm
Voltage controlled oscillators
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/oscillators.htm
Oscillators tutorial site
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/oscillator-basics.htm
Principles of oscillator operation
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/hartley-oscillator.htm
Hartley oscillator
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/broad-band-amplifiers.htm
Broad band amplifiers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/small-signal-amplifiers.htm
Small signal amplifiers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/emitter-degeneration.htm
Emitter degeneration
103
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/negative-feedback.htm
Negative feedback
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/colpitts-oscillators.htm
Colpitts oscillators
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/crystal-oscillators.htm
Crystal oscillators
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/crystal-grinding.htm
Crystal grinding
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/oscillator-drift.htm
Oscillator drift
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/drift-correction.htm
Drift correction circuits
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/diodes.htm
Varactor diodes
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/transistors.htm
Transistors
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/diodes.htm
Tutorial on diodes
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/trf-receiver.htm
Tuned radio frequency receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/am-radio-receivers2.htm
AM radio receivers - part II
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/am-radio-receivers3.htm
AM radio receivers - part III
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/regen-radio-receiver.htm
Regenerative radio receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/fm-radio-receivers2.htm
FM radio receivers - part II
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/fm-radio-receivers.htm
FM radio receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/am-radio-receivers.htm
Tutorial on AM receiver design
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/crystal-radio-set.htm
Basic crystal set
104
http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/pdf/129756.pdf
Crystal radio tutorial
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/am-radio-receivers.htm
AM radio receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/superhetrodyne-radio-receivers.htm
Syperheterodyne radio receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/clapp-oscillators.htm
Clapp oscillators
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/narrow-band-filters.htm
Narrow-band filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/coil-forms.htm
Coil formers and cores
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/wide-band-rf-transformers.htm
Wide band RF transformers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/switched-mode-power-supplies.htm
Switched mode power supplies
http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ohm.html
Ohm's biography
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/devices/devices.htm
Electronic devices: timers, mixers, etc. IC's
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/links/links.htm
Links to sites of interest in electronics
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/receivers.htm
Links to tutorials on receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/antennas/antenna-diplexer.htm
Antenna diplexer
http://www.twysted-pair.com/downloads.htm
Free electronics tutorial covering basic electronics, parallel and complex resistor circuits, AC and
oscilloscopes, capacitors, inductors, LCR circuits, semiconductors, diodes and rectifier circuits, bipolar
junction transistors, bipolar junction transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers, digital electronics, TTL,
CMOS
http://www.twysted-pair.com/hyster.htm
Hysteresis.
http://www.proaxis.com/~iguanalabs/basicdef.htm
Tutorial on basic electronic concepts.
105
http://www.iguanalabs.com/Compnets.htm
Tutorial on basic electrical components.
http://www.iguanalabs.com/ohmslaw.htm
Ohms law.
http://www.iguanalabs.com/1stled.htm
Learning about transistors and LED's.
http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/ohm/
Home page for DC circuits tutorials.
http://www.broadcast.net/hallikainen/theory.html
Good mini tutorials originally published in world radio magazine covering electronic theory.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/toc01.htm
Textbook like mini-tutorial covering the basic elements of AC electricity
http://www.elec-toolbox.com/theory.htm
basic principles of electricity; electrons, conductors, insulators
http://www.iserv.net/~alexx/lib/tutorial.htm
List of educational tutorials on electricity and electronics.
http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~engi202/electricity.html
minor work describing voltage, current, resistance, capacitance
http://www.mos.org/sln/toe/tennisballs.html
Interesting analogy using tennis balls as 'electrons' to teach the concepts of voltage, current and resistance
http://jever.phys.ualberta.ca/~gingrich/phys395/notes/phys395.html
Extensive notes from AC/DC basics to digital microcomputer component theory
http://www.thinkquest.org/library/lib/site_sum_outside.html?tname=10784&url=10784/
a tutorial collection including introduction, chemistry and physics of electronics
http://www.channel1.com/users/analog/tutor.html
Analog tutorials and frequently asked questions.
Articles:
Noise in PCB Design (16kB)
Design Techniques (11kB)
Passive Components (6kB)
Formulas & Numbers (5kB)
http://www.channel1.com/users/analog/formula.html
Formulas and numbers typically used in electronics.
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/mems/techOp.html
Using MEMS technology in optical switching.
106
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/34-01/haystack/index.html
Measuring small differential voltages in the presence of large common-mode voltages
http://www.analog.com/technology/dataConverters/training/pdf/DDStutor.pdf
A technical tutorial on digital signal synthesis. (122 pages)
http://www.analog.com/technology/dataConverters/training/seminarMaterials/pdf/6.pdf
High Speed DAC's and DDS Systems - white paper - 30 pages.
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/dataConverters/pdf/analogfeedback_june2000.pdf
Mixed signal IC's combine analog and digital circuits to meter electrical energy and measure run time,
while employing a precise RC time base.
http://www.analog.com/library/whitepapers/dsp/circle.html
Circle Surround® White Paper
Circle Surround was originally developed to offer the benefits of surround sound for music applications
that had been available for cinematic use for years. There are side effects in the cinematic surround matrix
systems that do not provide a high quality format for music. After first addressing the requirements of
matrix surround for music, a video mode was developed which offers an improved stereo image for the
front, as well as stereo surround channels.
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/33-08/adc/index.html
Analog-to-Digital Converter Architectures and Choices for System Design
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/34-06/imaging/index.html
Selecting an Analog Front End for Imaging Applications
Every imaging system starts with an image sensor. The signal from the sensor must be processed in the
analog domain, converted to digital, and further processed in the digital domain. This allows the image to
be analyzed, manipulated and enhanced, prior to storage, display, transmission, and/or further processing.
Imaging applications typically involve three chips-an image sensor, an analog front-end (AFE), and a
digital ASIC. The AFE conditions the analog signal received from the image sensor and performs the
analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. The digital ASIC contains image-processing and timing-generation
circuitry. Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a typical imaging system. Additional application-specific
circuitry following the digital image-processing ASIC depends upon whether the imaging system is a
camera, scanner or copier.
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/topics.html
How things work: The Physics of Everyday Life
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/electronic_air_cleaners.html
How things work: electronics air cleaners.
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/electronic_air_cleaners.html
How things work: Xerographic Copiers
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/magnetically_levitated_trains.html
How things work: magnetically levitated trains
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/flashlights.html
How things work: flashlights
107
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/electric_power_distribution.html
How things work: electric power distribution
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/electric_power_generation.html
How things work: electric power generation
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/electric_motors.html
How things work: electric motors
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/tape_recorders.html
How things work: tape recorders
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/audio_amplifiers.html
How things work: audio amplifiers
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/computers.html
How things work: computers
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/radio.html
How things work: radio
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/television.html
How things work: television
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/microwave_ovens.html
How things work: microwave ovens.
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/fluorescent_lamps.html
How things work: fluorescent lamps
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/lasers.html
How things work: lasers
http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/compact_disc_players.html
How things work: CD players
http://www.howstuffworks.com/amplifier.htm
How amplifiers work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/burglar-alarm.htm
How burglar alarms work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/cable-tv.htm
How cable television works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/cable-tv.htm
How cordless telephones work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/gps.htm
How GPS receivers work.
108
http://www.howstuffworks.com/inkjet-printer.htm
How ink jet printers work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/joystick.htm
How joysticks work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/laptop.htm
How laptops work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/camcorder-works.htm
How camcorders work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/car-alarm.htm
How car alarms work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/cd-burner.htm
How CD burners work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/cd-burner.htm
How CD's work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/cd-burner.htm
How cell phones work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/cordless-telephone.htm
How cordless telephones work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/fax-machine.htm
How fax machines work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/laser-printer.htm
How laser printers work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/led.htm
How light emitting diodes work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm
How PC's work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/pda.htm
How personal digital assistants (PDA's) work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/photocopier.htm
How photocopiers work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/photocopier.htm
How plasma displays work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/remote-entry.htm
How remote entry works.
109
http://www.howstuffworks.com/satellite-tv.htm
How satellite TV works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/scanner.htm
How scanners work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/smoke.htm
How smoke detectors work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/speaker.htm
How speakers work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/surge-protector.htm
How surge protectors work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/tv.htm
How television works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/vcr.htm
How VCR's work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/webcam.htm
How web cameras work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/inside-rc.htm
How the TV remote control works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/radar-detector.htm
How radar detectors work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/radar.htm
How radar works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/air-traffic-control.htm
How air traffic control works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/bluetooth.htm
How bluetooth works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/rc-toy.htm
How radio controlled toys work.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm
How radio transmission works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio-spectrum.htm
How the radio spectrum works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/wireless-internet.htm
How wireless Internet works.
110
http://www.thelearningpit.com/elec/bas/theory/etb-menu.html
Electrical DC Theory
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/gadgets/555/555.html
555 Timer Tutorial
http://www.privateline.com/
http://www.privateline.com/
Excellent hacker friendly site providing info on telephone, cellular basics, digital wireless and PCS
basics, telephone system history and more
http://search.atomz.com/search/?sp-q=fuse&sp-a=000211ee-sp00000001
Set of white papers on protection and fusing.
http://www.dse.com.au/cgibin/dse.filereader?3d404f5a0978bafa273fc0a87f9c06f2+EN/catalogs/DTAGR
P
Technical data on: Battery replacement guide; Capacitors; Digital and communications IC data
Formulae; constants and conversion factors; Inductors and fuses; LED's; Operational amplifiers;
Optoelectronics; Other passive components; Other semiconductors; Passive component notes; Resistors
and capacitors; RF; Communications; RS232 information; Semiconductor, FET's and diodes; Wire and
cables
http://www.arduini.com/papers.html
Info in Word format covering a small variety of analog, power and R&D electronics topics.
http://www.wenzel.com/pdffiles/battery.pdf
Battery capacity information
http://www.radiodesign.com/legacy/pgrwrks.htm
How it works: Pagers
http://www.radiodesign.com/legacy/cellwrks.htm
How it works: Cellular Phones
http://www.radiodesign.com/legacy/radwrks.htm
How it works: Radios
http://www.radiodesign.com/legacy/remwrks.htm
How it works: Remote Control
http://www.radiodesign.com/legacy/tvwrks.htm
How it works: television
http://www.radiodesign.com/legacy/lanwrks.htm
How it works: wireless LAN
http://www.radiodesign.com/legacy/ltrbands.htm
How it works: Radio Spectrum Designations
111
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Bill_Bowden/
'the best on the net' source of well drawn circuit schematics, including excellent textual theory of
operation
http://www.dowcorning.com/content/etronics/etronics_si_matl2.asp?DCAPP=WCMMaterialsforElectroni
csTutorial&DCWS=Electronics&DCWSS=
Materials and electronics tutorial.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/toc01.htm
Elements of AC Electricity - Tutorial
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_005
Adjustable flashing LED
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_014
Bringing NiCd's from the dead
The failures the article talks about occur in mutli-cell Ni-Cd battery packs, and are due to the voltage
differences between cells. Say you have four 1.25 V cells in a pack connected to a 200 ohm load. The
load "sees" 5 volts and draws 25 mA. Since each cell must pass the entire 25 mA and each cell's potential
is 1.25 volts, Ohm's Law tells us that each cell sees the equivalent load of 50 ohms. (Complete ASCII
Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_013
Condenser microphone hook up circuit. Complete ASCII circuit.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_PC.html#ASCIISCHEMPC_006
Control 120 V AC relay with TTL. PC/Logic-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- (Complete ASCII
Circuit)
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1105.htm
Current and voltage in Xc circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe the
fact that the current of a capacitor always leads the voltage across the capacitor by 90 degrees. Sketch a
vector diagram showing how the current leads the voltage.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0605.htm
Current and voltages in XL circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe the
fact that the current through an inductor always lags the voltage across the inductor by 90 degrees. Sketch
a vector diagram showing how the current lags the voltage.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_003
Frequency and capacitance meter circuit. An idea is to use the 555 as a monostable, and trigger it with a
fixed frequency clock. Duty cycle will be proportional to capacitance.The ON time for the monostable is
about 1.1RC, so component values that should work would be a 50 Hz clock, say a 1 Hz low-pass filter
on the output, and R = 9.09K, 1%. That combination will give an output of one volt per microfarad.
Switch R in decades for smaller capacitors. Trim R for calibration. (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0103.htm
Frequency and period of a sinusoidal waveform. When you complete this module, you should be able to:
Define the period of a waveform. Cite the units of measure for the period of a waveform. Define the
112
frequency of a waveform. Cite the units of measure for the frequency of a waveform. Convert between
values for the period and frequency of a waveform.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_019
Generating -5VDC from +5VDC. If you happen to have the March 1984 issue of Radio-Electronics, turn
to page 78. This issue has the very first installment of Robert Grossblatt's "Designer's Notebook" column.
In it, he shows a simple circuit which will supply a negative voltage, given a positive voltage. It's
basically a 555-based oscillator, and a voltage-doubling rectifier. He claims the negative-voltage output
should be good for about 60ma. No-load voltage should be pretty close to the input voltage (but negative),
although the voltage will drop a bit, depending on the load. If you put +5V into the circuit, it'll give you
around -5V out. load. If you put +5V into the circuit, it'll give you around -5V out. If the load makes the
voltage drop too low (-3V or -4V), you could always just feed the circuit with a higher voltage (like
maybe 9V or 12V) and then just regulate the output down to -5V using a 7905 regulator. I've used this
circuit a couple of times for powering op-amp's, and it works great! (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_020
Ground loop circuits. When you have two circuits that are tied together electrically, but one of them is
high current then you should direct the ground and power paths to "feed"
them separately. You want the current of the driver to stay on the driver side and the current of the logic
to stay on it's own side. The thin trace in between is still needed because this is not galvantic isolation.
(Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_001
Headlight reminder circuit. solution is to go from the +12 Switched sidelight feed, via a buzzer to the
drivers door light switch, you then need to put a diode in the door circuit to
stop the other doors operating the buzzer. Thus when you leave your lights on AND open the drivers
door, the buzzer sounds. If you mean to leave your lights on, just shut the door and the buzzer stops!
(Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_Tel.html#ASCIISCHEMTEL_0
13
Hold function for telephone. Telephone-related ASCII Schematics V1.01 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_018
High voltage supply: 12V DC in, 12 KV out. Simple High Voltage Generator - 12 V in, 12,000 V out
inverter. Modify appropriately for 24 V in, 30,000+ out, lower power. (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0801.htm
Introduction to capacitance. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Define the term
dielectric. Define capacitance in terms of two conductors and a dielectric. Cite some common dielectric
materials. Describe how an electrical charge is stored in a dielectric material. Define the terms
electrostatic field. Describe how electrostatic induction affects the charge on a capacitor.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0201.htm
Introduction to inductance. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Express in words
Faraday's Law for a straight wire. Cite the meaning of each term in the mathematical expression of
Faraday's Law for a straight wire and for a coil of wire. Express Lenz's Law in a single sentence.
113
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0601.htm
Introduction to inductive reactance. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Define
inductive reactance. Describe the effect that inductive reactance has upon the amount of current flowing
in an AC circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0602.htm
Inductive reactance formula. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation for
determining the value of inductive reactance, given the values of applied frequency and inductance. Solve
the equation, given two of the three variables.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_007
Info on CO2 lasers. NOTES: The laser used is a helium-neon one which emits a bright red beam. Pointing
it in someone's eyes will probably blind them so be careful with where you point it - unless of course you
intend to do damage (?!) It can't burn skin or paper or anything - it's only really useful in this case as laser
sights - although in future issues I others will explain how you can use it for Data Snooping. (Complete
ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_IR.html#ASCIISCHEMIR_001
Infra red remote transponder. IR-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- I built a remote-transponder, which
lets me send signals from a small receiver into closed (opaque door) cabinets, and around corners, etc.
Anyways, the chief problem is just stray environmental noise with any slowly changing amplitude
modulated IR signal (lots of 60 Hz noise, and sunlight noise). Most IR remotes work around a 40KHz
carrier, so that they can just pulse this digitally, and just bandpass filter it at the receiving end. This boosts
the range of unfocused IR remotes to tens of feet (around 20-30 feet). Adding two IR Leds helps a lot, by
sending out more IR signals. Anyways, the following is a cutout from the group sci.electronics. Most of
which had been posted in the past month (I guess many news-servers might not go back one month, so I
re-posted. Hope nobody minds). There is included transmitter and receiver modules. Personally, I find the
Sharp IR Receiver module (available at Radio Shack) to be the easiest darn thing to use. You just pop in
+5V and ground, and you get the demodulated signal out (a high/low version of whatever was riding on
the 40KHz IR signal). It comes with simple application notes. Hope this info helps you out. Oh, lastly, if
you're looking for ANALOG transmitters, I would look into Radio-Electronics recently for posts about
their "Air-Hop" voice transmitter, or into Forrest Mims III "Circuit Cookbook." They both show how to
do FM modulation onto IR (much, much better than AM). (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_IR.html#ASCIISCHEMIR_007
IR slotted switch sensor. IR-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- There is a type of detector known as a
"slotted switch" that consists of a phototransistor/LED pair mounted on a solid frame with a small air gap
between the two elements. When the air gap is unobstructed, the transistor saturates, pulling Vout to
ground; when the gap is blocked, the transistor cuts off and Vout is +5 volts. (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_Tel.html#ASCIISCHEMTEL_0
03
Phone in use light. Telephone-related ASCII Schematics V1.01 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_IR.html#ASCIISCHEMIR_004
Minimizing sun's noise in IR reception. IR-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- A 'baffle' is a perforated
disk or disks spaced inside your 'shade tube'. The idea is to trap all reflections, leaving only the light
coming in on the exact axis of the tube to strike the IR Detector. Off-axis light, 'noise', will be caught by
the baffles and dissipated through reflection between the baffles. Paint the inside of your tube black ... in
fact, check into what paints/coatings are 'black' to IR wavelenghts. Just because a paint LOOKS black
does not mean it won't reflect IR.
114
Check into an astronomy or optics group to get the formula for the ideal spacing of the baffles and how
big a hole should be in them. Getting this right will improve your system performance. (Complete ASCII
Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_PC.html#ASCIISCHEMPC_004
More accurate PC/AT clock. PC/Logic-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0902.htm
Parallel capacitor circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation for
calculating the total capacitance of a parallel circuit. Explain how total capacitance increases with the
number of capacitors connected in parallel. Calculate the total capacitance of a parallel circuit, given the
values of individual capacitors. Describe how the voltage is the same across each capacitor. Describe how
the charge and discharge current for each capacitor is proportional to is value.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0303.htm
Parallel inductor circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the inverse
formulas for total inductance of a parallel circuit. Explain how total inductance decreases with each
inductor that is added in parallel. Calculate the total inductance of a parallel circuit, given the values of
individual inductors. Describe how the voltage is the same across each inductor. Describe how the current
in each branch responds to changes in applied voltage.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1303.htm
Parallel L-C circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe how to determine
the total reactance of a parallel LC circuit. Describe how to determine the total current of a parallel LC
circuit. Sketch the vector diagram for the total reactance of a series LC circuit. Describe how to use
Ohm's Law to calculate the total reactive current in a series LC circuit. Explain how to determine the total
reactive voltage and the voltages across the individual reactances in a series LC circuit. Sketch a vector
diagram for the voltages in a series LC circuit. Describe how the current through a series LC circuit is
maximum when XL = XC.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1203.htm
Parallel R-C circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation for
determining the total current in a parallel RC circuit. Calculate the total current in a parallel RC circuit,
given the values for the currents in each branch. Explain how to use the AC version of the product-oversum
rule to calculate the total impedance of a simple parallel RC circuit. Calculate the total impedance of
a parallel RC circuit. Cite the equation for determining the total phase angle of a parallel RC circuit in
terms of branch currents. Calculate the total phase angle of a parallel RC circuit. Describe how to go
about doing a complete analysis of a parallel RC circuit. Completely analyze a parallel RC circuit, given
the values of R, C, VT, and f.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0704.htm
Parallel R-C circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation for
determining the total current in a parallel RL circuit. Calculate the total current in a parallel RL circuit,
given the values for the currents in each branch. Explain how to use the AC version of the product-oversum
rule to calculate the total impedance of a simple parallel RL circuit. Calculate the total impedance of
a parallel RL circuit. Cite the equation for determining the total phase angle of a parallel RL circuit in
terms of branch currents. Calculate the total phase angle of a parallel RL circuit. Describe how to go
about doing a complete analysis of a parallel RL circuit. Completely analyze a parallel RL circuit, given
the values of R, L, VT, and f.
115
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0104.htm
Phase angle of a sinusoidal waveform. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe
the meaning of phase angle. Expand the formula for instantaneous sine voltage and current to include a
phase angle, then apply the formula to sketch accurate sinusoidal waveforms. Define the terms leading
and lagging as they apply to sinusoidal waveforms. Determine whether a given waveform is leading or
lagging a reference waveform.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_015
Phase shifter circuit. Here is a well known op-amp phase shifter. I am surprised no one has posted it yet,
so I guess I will have to. (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_Tel.html#ASCIISCHEMTEL_0
08
Phone in use. Telephone-related ASCII Schematics V1.01 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_Tel.html#ASCIISCHEMTEL_0
11
Phone in use indicator. Telephone-related ASCII Schematics V1.01 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_Tel.html#ASCIISCHEMTEL_0
07
Phone line to audio. Telephone-related ASCII Schematics V1.01 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_Tel.html#ASCIISCHEMTEL_0
05
Phone off hook indicator. Telephone-related ASCII Schematics V1.01 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_Tel.html#ASCIISCHEMTEL_0
06
Phone rang indicator light. Telephone-related ASCII Schematics V1.01 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_Tel.html#ASCIISCHEMTEL_0
04
Phone to audio interface. Telephone-related ASCII Schematics V1.01 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0705.htm
Power in R-L circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Sketch the AC waveforms
for power, voltage, and current in a series RL circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1106.htm
Power in XC circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe how AC power is
absorbed by a capacitor for one-quarter cycle, then returned to the circuit during the next quarter cycle.
Describe the differences between power in a resistor circuit and apparent power in a capacitor circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0606.htm
Power in XL circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe how AC power is
absorbed by an inductor for one-quarter cycle, then returned to the circuit during the next quarter cycle.
Explain the meaning of each term in the equation for instantaneous power in an AC inductor circuit.
Describe the differences between power in a resistor circuit and apparent power in an inductor circuit.
116
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0703.htm
Q of an inductor. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Explain the meaning of the Q,
or merit, of an inductor. Calculate the Q of an inductor. Describe how the Q of an inductor changes with
the operating frequency. Describe the effects that the internal resistance of a coil has upon the Q of the
coil.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_002
Quiz - Show inductor circuit. Here's a simple, cheap circuit that will let you conduct your very own quiz
shows. It has a lamp and a button for each player. When a button is pressed, it
lights that player's lamp and locks out the other button until the circuit is reset. Circuit Description: When
the circuit is first powered up (or after a reset -- same thing), both SCR gates are held at ground potential
by R1 and R6. Therefore, neither SCR will latch up, and both lamps will be off. When one of SW1 or
SW2 is pressed, the corresponding SCR's gate is pulled high, so the SCR latches on. Even if the switch is
released, the SCR remains latched, keeping the lamp illuminated. Diodes CR1 and CR2 ensure that only
one lamp may be on at a time. Once an SCR turns on, it forces the other SCR's gate to remain at a low
voltage, even if its switch is pressed. It is probably possible to change the bulbs and the power supply to
12V with no other circuit changes, but I have only built a 6V system. The circuit does not draw current
when the lamps are off, so it may be battery powered with no additional cutoff switch. I built the whole
thing in a plastic shoebox. Serving Suggestion: These are great fun in elementary school classes, and as
the whole thing can be built for about $5, it's well worth letting the kids have fun while they destroy it!
(Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1002.htm
RC time constant. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe the equation for
determining the time constant of a series RC circuit. Calculate the RC time constant of a circuit. Explain
the significance of the percentage value 63.2% in the process of charging a capacitor through a resistance.
Explain why a capacitor is considered fully charged at the end of 5 time constants. Calculate the amount
of voltage on a capacitor after it has charged a given number of time constants. Explain the significance
of the percentage value 63.2% in the process of discharging a capacitor through a resistance. Explain why
a capacitor is considered fully discharged at the end of 5 time constants. Calculate the amount of voltage
on a capacitor after it has discharged a given number of time constants.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0402.htm
RL time constant. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe the equation for
determining the time constant of a series RL circuit. Calculate the L/R time constant of a circuit. Explain
the significance of the percentage value 63.2% while current is building through an RL circuit. Explain
why the build-up current of an inductor reaches its steady state the end of 5 time constants. Calculate the
build-up current through an inductor after a given number of time constants. Explain the significance of
the percentage value 63.2% while current is decaying through an RL circuit. Explain why the decaying
current of an inductor reaches a steady state at the end of 5time constants. Calculate the amount of decay
current through an inductor after a given number of time constants.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_PC.html#ASCIISCHEMPC_003
Rounding off a square wave. PC/Logic-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0202.htm
Self inductance. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Explain self-inductance. Define
inductance in terms of induced voltage. Cite the units of measure for inductance. Describe the voltage
waveform across an inductor when a sine waveform of current is being applied.
117
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1103.htm
Series and parallel XC. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Explain the meaning of
each term in the equation for total capacitive reactance in a series circuit. Calculate the total capacitive
reactance of a series circuit, given the values of the individual reactances. Explain the meaning of each
term in the equation for total capacitive reactance in a parallel circuit. Calculate the total capacitive
reactance of a parallel circuit, given the values of the individual reactances.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0603.htm
Series and parallel XL. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Explain the meaning of
each term in the equation for total inductive reactance in a series circuit. Calculate the total inductive
reactance of a series circuit, given the values of the individual reactanaces. Explain the meaning of each
term in the equation for total inductive reactance in a parallel circuit. Calculate the total inductive
reactance of a parallel circuit, given the values of the individual reactances.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0903.htm
Series capacitor circuits. when you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation(s) for
calculating the total capacitance of a series circuit. Explain how total capacitance decreases with the
number of capacitors connected in series. Calculate the total capacitance of a series circuit, given the
values of individual capacitors. Describe how the voltage across each capacitor is inversely proportional
to the value of the capacitor. Describe how the charge and discharge current is the same for each capacitor
in a series circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0302.htm
Series inductor circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation for
calculating the total inductance of a series circuit. Explain how total inductance increases with each
inductor that is added in series. Calculate the total inductance of a series circuit, given the values of
individual inductors. Describe how inductor voltage drops are distributed among inductors that are
connected in series. Describe how changes in source voltage affect the current flowing through the circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1302.htm
Series LC circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe how to determine the
total reactance of a series LC circuit. Sketch the vector diagram for the total reactance of a series LC
circuit. Describe how to use Ohm's Law to calculate the total reactive current in a series LC circuit.
Explain how to determine the total reactive voltage and the voltages across the individual reactances in a
series LC circuit. Sketch a vector diagram for the voltages in a series LCcircuit. Describe how the current
through a series LC circuit is maximum when XL = XC.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1202.htm
Series RC circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Define the impedance of an
RC circuit. Cite the equation for calculating the impedance of an RC circuit in terms of R and XC.
Calculate the value of impedance for a series RC circuit, given the values of R and XC. Discuss the fact
that the total voltage in a series RC circuit is greater than the sum of voltages across R and C. Cite the
equation for determining the total voltage for a series RC circuit. Calculate the total voltage for a series
RC circuit. Cite two different equations for determining the total phase angle for a series RC circuit.
Calculate the total phase angle of a series RC circuit. Describe what is meant by a complete analysis of a
series RC circuit. Completely analyze a series RC circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0702.htm
Series RL circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Define the impedance of an
RL circuit. Cite the equation for calculating the impedance of an RL circuit in terms of R and XL.
Calculate the value of impedance for a series RL circuit, given the values of R and XL. Calculate the
118
impedance of a series RL circuit, given the values of R, L, and f. Cite the equation for determining the
total phase angle for a series RL circuit in terms of voltage drops. Given values of R and XL, determine
the phase angles for the resistor, inductor, and total circuit. Describe what is meant by a complete analysis
of a series RL circuit. Completely analyze a series RL circuit, given the values of R, L, VT, and f.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0105.htm
Sinusoidal Power Waveforms. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Sketch voltage,
current, and power sine waveforms on the same axis. Explain why the power waveform is always positive
as long as current and voltage are in phase. Cite the fact that average power is equal to the product of
RMS current and RMS voltage.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0101.htm
Sinusoidal Waveform. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Define the terms voltage
and current. Cite the units of measure for voltage and current. Describe the difference between DC and
AC voltage and current. Describe the shape and main features of a sinusoidal waveform. Calculate the
instantaneous value of a current or voltage sine waveform, given the maximum value and angular
displacement.
http://www.alaska.net/~research/Net/NDRCElec.htm
XC and Ohms Law. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite Ohm's Law for
capacitive reactance. Explain how Ohm's Law for XC is similar to Ohm's Law for R. Use Ohm's Law to
solve for voltage, current, or capacitive reactance for a capacitor. Solve Ohm's Law for capacitance, given
values of f and L rather than XC.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0604.htm
XL and Ohms Law. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite Ohm's Law for
inductive reactance. Explain how Ohm's Law for XL is similar to Ohm's Law for R. Use Ohm's Law to
solve for voltage, current, or inductive reactance for an inductor. Solve Ohm's Law for inductance, given
values of f and L rather than XL.
http://www.electronics2000.com/page2.html
Basic electronics tutorials.
Chapter 1 - What is electricity, basic atom structure, charge fundamentals, COULOMB'S LAW OF
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES, more laws, Source of Electricity and Common acceptable units of
measurement used in Electronics, What is VOLT, EMF, AMP, OHM, WATT, CONDUCTORS,
SEMICONDUCTORS and INSULATORS, RESISTANCE, How to measure Gauge in wire, Resistor
basics. Chapter 2- Understanding Basic Circuits, and studying the relationships between resistance, volts
and amperes. More on WATTAGE Conductance/MHOS/Siemens, more laws, series and parallel circuits
and more. Chapter 3- The theory behind a Wheatstone Bridge Circuit, Switching, magnetism,
permeability, magnetic induction and shielding, ANGLE of DECLINATION or VARIATION, magnetic
laws, retentivity, residual magnetism, FERROMAGNETIC materials, PARAMAGNETIC materials,
DIAMAGNETIC materials, FLUX, and much more...., RELAYS, Introduction to A/C. Chapter 4- A/C
Frequency Information, laws and some History flashbacks, wavelength calculation table, RF/Microwave
Terminology - Glossary of Wireless, RF and Microwave Terms, and lot's of terms and some formulas and
pictures. GENERATORS, ALTERNATORS AND DYNAMO. Chapter 5- METERS AND
INSTRUMENTS, OSCILLOSCOPE (what is rectification, briefly), MEASUREMENT OF AC AND DC,
DIGITAL MULTIMETERS. Chapter 6-INDUCTANCE/what it is, the Theory of how a diode works.
Chapter 7- Continuation of INDUCTANCE related component explanations (TRANSFORMER) and
other information. Explained what MUTUAL INDUCTION is, how induction is measured in the unit of
H = HENRYS. Named the coil windings parts. What COUPLING is. Chapter 8- What capacitance is,
technical explanation of a capacitor, how it works and general capacitance tutorial. Also take a look at the
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Technical Specifications of Capacitors. In Chapter 9 I will talk about how capacitors are used in circuits,
the differences between them being used in A/C vs. D/C circuits, coming up...
http://www.amasci.com/amateur/elecdir.html
The real direction of electric current. - white paper.
http://www.amasci.com/tesla/spark.html
Sparks and lightning - white paper.
http://www.amasci.com/elect/elefaq.html
Frequently asked electricity questions - white paper.
http://www.amasci.com/esloud/eslhwto.html
How to make electrostatic loudspeakers - white paper.
http://www.amasci.com/amateur/whygnd.html
Why three prongs in an AC receptacle.
http://www.amasci.com/miscon/elect.html
Electricity misconceptions - white paper.
http://www.amasci.com/miscon/speed.html
Speed of electricity - white paper.
http://www.amasci.com/amateur/led.txt
How does an LED emit light? - white paper.
http://www.bobblick.com/techref/techref.html
Battery charge, pseudo adc, dtmf decoder, scrolling sign and more
http://www.lowrance.com/Tutorials/sonar/sonar_tutorial_01.asp
Sonar tutorial
http://www.lowrance.com/Tutorials/gps/gps_tutorial_01.asp
GPS Tutorial
http://www.eaglegps.com/tutorial/sonar/default.htm
Sonar tutorial
http://www.eaglegps.com/tutorial/gps/default.htm
GPS Tutorial
http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/step/
Control of Stepping Motors, A Tutorial
http://www.perry-lake.k12.oh.us/phs/Classdept/ScienceDept/Physics/Tutorials/e_m/dc1/dc.htm
DC Electronics Tutorial
http://www.perry-lake.k12.oh.us/phs/Classdept/sciencedept/physics/tutorials/e_m/mag1/mag1.htm
Magnetics and electromagnetic induction
120
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/g_knott/
Electronics for beginners.
http://ledmuseum.home.att.net/
LED museum
http://ledmuseum.home.att.net/
Capacitors tutorial
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.knott/index21.htm
Electronics for beginners
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.knott/index7.htm
Intermediate electronics
http://courses.ncsu.edu:8020/ece480/common/htdocs/
NCSU electronics tutorials - excellent diagrams and animations.
http://www.colomar.com/Shavano/intro_opamp.html
Introduction to op-amps
http://www.colomar.com/Shavano/intro_opamp.html
Basic electronics: operational amplifiers
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/
Antennas and microwave engineering tutorials.
http://www.epanorama.net/documents/wiring/cable_impedance.html
Describes what is cable characteristic impendance and how to calculate it.
http://www.circuit-magic.com/laws.htm
Basic electrical laws and circuits analysis techniques
http://www.mitedu.freeserve.co.uk/Design/design.htm
Tutorial on circuit design techniques and building blocks.
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_com.htm
Tutorial Overview of Electronic Communications
http://pweb.netcom.com/~chip.f/Viterbi.html
Describes commonly used forward-error-correction algorithms used in wireless communications.
Provides a worked-out example and C-language simulation source code for a digital communications link
using the algorithms.
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_emc.htm
Tutorial on Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
http://www.4p8.com/eric.brasseur/receiv.html
How do radio receivers manage to communicate over huge distances? An explanation of the fundamental
mechanism.
121
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_opam.htm
Operational Amplifiers Use & Operation. Includes animations.
http://www.radio-electronics.com/
Information and tutorials about all aspects of radio and related electronics components.
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_555.htm
555 Timer Tutorials
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_xtor.htm
transistors tutorials
http://members.tripod.com/michaelgellis/tutorial.html
Tutorials for EE's. Mixers, Directional Couplers, Bartlett's Bisection Theorem, Constant Current Sources,
Phase-Locked Loop, etc.
http://members.tripod.com/michaelgellis/ads.html
ADS tutorials
http://www.national.com/apnotes/apnotes_all_1.html
Complete list of application notes from National Semiconductor.
http://sss-mag.com/ss.html
The ABCs of Spread Spectrum - A Tutorial on SS
http://www.tek.com/Measurement/cgibin/framed.pl?Document=/Measurement/App_Notes/XYZs/&Fram
eSet=oscilloscopes
Tektronix guide describing how oscilloscope works and how to take simple measurements.
Amplifiers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/tuned-circuits.htm
Tuned circuit amplifiers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/buffer-amplifiers.htm
Buffer amplifiers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/broad-band-amplifiers.htm
Broad band amplifiers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/small-signal-amplifiers.htm
Small signal amplifiers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/emitter-degeneration.htm
Emitter degeneration
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/amplifiers/negative-feedback.htm
Negative feedback
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/amplifiersLinear/LogAmps/technote1.html
A 10.7 MHz, 120 dB Logarithmic Amp
122
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/amplifiersLinear/LogAmps/technote4.html
Effect of Signal Waveform on the Transfer Function of a Logarithmic Amp
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/amplifiersLinear/LogAmps/technote3.html
Log Amp Applications in Wireless Receive Channels
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/amplifiersLinear/LogAmps/rssi.html
Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI)
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/amplifiersLinear/LogAmps/trans_power.html
Transmit Power Control
http://www.analog.com/technology/amplifiersLinear/precisionamps/white_autozero.html
Auto-Zero Amplifiers
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/33-03/ask28/index.html
Logarithmic Amplifiers - Explained - white paper
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_011
Video amplifier circuit. " Got some questions about video amps. I've seen an NE592 used as a video
buffer amp at the end of a 75 ohm line. Used so that the 75 ohm line could drive all kinds of neat
processing stuff without affecting the signal (that's what a buffer is after all, right?) Now National
Semiconductor makes an LM592 that's also a video amp. Do these two chips cross reference to each
other? " They are the same chip. Sources for NE/SE/LM/uA592 include TI, Harris, Philips (Signetics) and
Motorola. Be aware that there are 8 and 14 pin versions of it, the difference being that the larger package
has two additional gain control pins. It's not really an op-amp, so you can't use feedback to control the
gain. Additionally, they're _fast_ circuits, so use a ground plane and ceramic bypassing caps as close as
possible to the supply pins. " Also, is there a relatively simple video buffer amp I could make with
discrete components? I really don't want capacitive coupling, since video has DC components. " The DC
components in video are normally a non-issue. Most video equipment are AC coupled (at least the input),
which is the reason why you can't get away without black level clamping if you plan to process the video
signal. Nothing is said about the actual voltage levels of the video signal, they are just referenced to the
black level which may float anywhere (well if I remember right, you're guaranteed to have less than 1W
power dissipation in the terminating resistor with standard video...). A typical video input has a 75 ohm
terminating resistor to ground and then the signal is fed to the input buffer via a ~50uF electrolytic cap.
(Complete ASCII Circuit)
Design
http://www.designnotes.com/
To the only Free Interactive Site on the web for Electronic Design Engineers, Programmers and
Enthusiasts to Share, Earn and Learn.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/attenuators.htm
Attenuators: design and principles
http://www.channel1.com/users/analog/tutor.html
Analog tutorials and frequently asked questions.
Articles: Noise in PCB Design (16kB) ; Design Techniques (11kB); Passive Components (6kB);
Formulas & Numbers (5kB)
123
http://www.channel1.com/users/analog/noise.html
Noise in PCB design. A guide for PCB designers (white paper).
http://www.channel1.com/users/analog/techniq.html
Design techniques for PCB's.
http://www.smpstech.com/
Switching mode power supply design - collection of resources: tutorials, questions, books, vendors,
design aids.
http://www.smpstech.com/tutorial/t00con.htm
Tutorial on switching mode power supply design
http://www.smpstech.com/aids.htm
Links to design aids for power supply design.
Power Supplies
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/power-supply.htm
Power supplies
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/power-supply-regulated.htm
Low current regulated power supplies
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/power-supp-hi-regulated.htm
High current regulated power supplies.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/power-supp-variable.htm
Variable power supplies
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/switched-mode-power-supplies.htm
Switched mode power supplies
http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/acrobat/applicationnotes/AN120.pdf
An overview of switched mode power supplies
http://www.iguanalabs.com/7805kit.htm
Building a 5 V power supply.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/pe07_nc8.htm
Switch mode power supply.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/ch07s1/ch07s1p1.htm
Step-down, SMPS/Buck Converter: Ideal Circuit
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/ch07s2/ch07s2p1.htm
Step-down, SMPS/Buck Converter: Practical Circuit
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/ch07s3/ch07s3p1.htm
Step-up, switch mode power supply: ideal boost converter.
124
http://www.smpstech.com/
Switching mode power supply design - collection of resources: tutorials, questions, books, vendors,
design aids.
http://www.smpstech.com/tutorial/t00con.htm
Tutorial on switching mode power supply design
http://www.smpstech.com/aids.htm
Links to design aids for power supply design.
Communications
http://www.eevl.ac.uk/vts/elec/index.htm
We're now going to take you on a "site-seeing" tour of Web sites for electrical, electronic and
communications engineering.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/antennas/antenna-basics.htm
Antenna basic theory.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/radio-terminology-M-Z.htm#M.F.
Radio terminology: medium frequency, ohms law, oscillator, low power transmission, signal to noise
ratio, single side band, standing wave ratio, S meter, transceiver, transistor, transmitter, ultra high
frequency, upper side band, very high frequency, watt, wavelength.
http://my.integritynet.com.au/purdic/dbl_bal_mix.htm
Double balanced mixers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/antennas/active-receiving-antennas.htm
Active receiving antennas tutorial
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/fm-radio-receivers.htm
FM radio receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/receiver-basics.htm
Radio receiver basics
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/am-radio-receivers.htm
Tutorial on AM receiver design
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/crystal-radio-set.htm
Basic crystal set
http://www.arrl.org/tis/info/pdf/129756.pdf
Crystal radio tutorial
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/am-radio-receivers.htm
AM radio receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/superhetrodyne-radio-receivers.htm
Syperheterodyne radio receivers
125
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/receiver-basics.htm
Radio receiver basics
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/trf-receiver.htm
Tuned radio frequency receivers
http://www.webex.net/~skywaves/xtalset102/headsets.htm
Headsets for crystal radios
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/am-radio-receivers2.htm
AM radio receivers - part II
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/am-radio-receivers3.htm
AM radio receivers - part III
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/regen-radio-receiver.htm
Regenerative radio receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/fm-radio-receivers2.htm
FM radio receivers - part II
http://www.primenet.com/~ctrask/actant.html
Active antenna references
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/antennas/antenna-diplexer.htm
Antenna diplexer
http://my.integritynet.com.au/purdic/passive-antenna-reradiators.htm
Passive antenna re-radiators to function as Q multipliers
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/dataConverters/pdf/AD9854_tech_note.pdf
800 to 2500 MHz Single-Sideband Upconversion of Quadrature DDS Signals (white paper - 5 pages)
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/30-3/single_chip.html
Single-Chip Direct Digital Synthesis vs. the Analog PLL - white paper
http://www.analog.com/library/whitepapers/dsp/content.html
Discrete Multitone (DMT) vs. Carrierless Amplitude/ Phase (CAP) Line Codes
This paper describes why discrete multitone (DMT) modulation is the best choice for asymmetric digital
subscriber lines (ADSL), and why the international experts and standards bodies chose DMT when they
analyzed the matter. In terms of communications speed, bandwidth efficiency, spectral compatibility,
performance, robustness and power consumption, DMT is a better choice than alternative single-carrier
technologies.
http://www.analog.com/library/whitepapers/dsp/xDSL.html
Status and Issues in xDSL - white paper.
http://www.einsite.net/ednmag/index.asp?layout=article&stt=000&articleid=CA220399&pubdate=6/13/2
002
Fractional-N synthesis improves reference-frequency implementations.
126
Advances in fractional-N synthesis and digital-temperature-sensor accuracy improve frequency stability
for reference-frequency implementations at a reduced cost and current consumption.
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/33-03/phase/index.html
Phase-locked loops for high-frequency receivers and transmitters - Part 1
http://www.borg.com/~warrend/guru.html
How to become an antenna guru.
http://www.scott-inc.com/
A variety of short articles concerning antennas, grounding, dB conversion and more.
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/timesync.htm
Pulse delay circuit for sub-second timing adjustment. The TIMESYNC allows you to tweak your radio
automation PC time to network time with .1 second granularity rather than integer seconds.
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/fmant.htm
Will a new FM antenna help my coverage? - white paper
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/80db.htm
Breaking the 80 dB barrier with the LOW-LOSS AM band notch filter...
AM NRSC Measurements with a spectrum analyzer
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/nrsc.htm
NRSC AM bandwidth measurements with the loop antenna
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/nist.htm
Measuring E-fields 25-1000 MHz with the NIST dipole-detector.
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/eri.htm
Field tuning ERI (and other slug-tuned) FM broadcast antennas.
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/ufer.htm
A new look at the Ufer ground system
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/smith.htm
Exploring the secrets of the Smith chart* - an indispensable tool
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/gpsant.htm
Adventures in amplified GPS antenna construction; an experiment...
http://www.rfglobalnet.com/content/misc/sitemap.asp
a nice variety of radio frequency, microwave, electronics and miscellaneous technical articles and
information
http://www.wa4dsy.net/
RF modem technical paper: theory of operation including schematics for this 56K digital device
127
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/activeant.html
AM/FM/SW active antenna
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0102.htm
AC Waveforms: Amplitude of a sinusoidal waveform
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/yagi.txt
Build a Yagi-Uda antenna
Often one needs to improve reception of a particular radio or television station. One effective
way to do this is to build a Yagi-Uda, or Yagi, antenna. This is a traveling-wave structure which,
as the number of elements increases, has improved directivity, gain, and front-to-back ratio (and
additional sidelobes). The basic antenna is composed of one reflector (in the rear), one driven
element, and one or more directors (in the direction of transmission/reception). The "zero-order"
version of the Yagi has all elements one-half wavelength long and spaced one-quarter
wavelength apart. The two designs presented here - a 3-element and a 6-element antenna - have
been optimized for improved all-around performance, so their lengths and spacings are nonuniform.
Each design's parameters (element lengths and spacings) are given in terms of
wavelength, so an antenna for any given frequency is easy to design. Moreover, these antennas'
gains rise slowly up to the design frequency and fall off sharply thereafter. It is therefore easier
(and smarter) to make the design frequency a little higher (dimensions a little smaller) than
desired, so that the antenna will work despite "manufacturing tolerances". One final note: all the
following performance figures are theoretical calculations! That means, for instance, that the
actual gain will be slightly less than that given.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_IR.html#ASCIISCHEMIR_005
Build an Infrared Night Scope
IR-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- Building a night scope is easy if you have the heart of it which is
the image intensifier part. I would recommend using the PVS-5 module that uses 'MCP' or Micro Channel
Plate technology. This is a U.S. 2nd generation device and is rated at 15,000 times light gain. The
resolution is one of the best on the market. It was used in Desert Storm and released to the surplus market
about 2 1/2 years ago. However, it can't be exported out of the U.S. (The device can be found for between
$350 to $700 depending on the quality you want in terms how new it is or if it used. I will list a couple of
vendors at the end. I have built several of these scopes with and without targeting lasers. The laser will
kill your battery in no time and I recommend not using one for normal use as the PVS-5 has excellent
response without it (unless you want to scare the crap out of someone in total darkness running around
your yard. Just put a laser dot on his forehead and let him figure out where it came from and what is at the
end of it like a 30.30 :-) (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/transmit.html
Small radio transmitter. This ZIP file contains information about building a small radio transmitter, which
has a PCB 1.75" x 2.5" (45mm x 68 mm) and has a range of about 30 yards or so. The documentation
with the circuit says the freq range is 100-108 MHz, but I have found it to be more like 85-100 MHz. The
circuit is (of course) only mono, and accepts an audio input from either a microphone or other source. The
input impedance is 1Mohm. The input sensitivity is 5mV and the max input signal is 10mV. The
transmitted signal can be picked up on a FM radio. The circuit can be used for short-range transmission,
eg. for wireless microphones.
128
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_Tel.html#ASCIISCHEMTEL_0
10
Use old phones as an intercom. Telephone-related ASCII Schematics V1.01 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_com.htm
Tutorial Overview of Electronic Communications
http://pweb.netcom.com/~chip.f/Viterbi.html
Describes commonly used forward-error-correction algorithms used in wireless communications.
Provides a worked-out example and C-language simulation source code for a digital communications link
using the algorithms.
http://www.4p8.com/eric.brasseur/receiv.html
How do radio receivers manage to communicate over huge distances? An explanation of the fundamental
mechanism.
http://www.radio-electronics.com/
Information and tutorials about all aspects of radio and related electronics components.
http://members.tripod.com/michaelgellis/tutorial.html
Tutorials for EE's. Mixers, Directional Couplers, Bartlett's Bisection Theorem, Constant Current Sources,
Phase-Locked Loop, etc.
http://members.tripod.com/michaelgellis/ads.html
ADS tutorials
http://we.home.agilent.com/cgibin/bvpub/agilent/search/r2v2/generalSearchResults.jsp?prevSearchString
=&prevSearchInterestArea=&LANGUAGE_CODE=eng&NAV_ID=11144.0.00&COUNTRY_CODE=
US&searchString=application+notes&searchInterestArea=000&search_for_go=Go
Agilent application notes. AM, ATM/Parallel Test Systems, Acoustic, Agilent function generators,
amplifiers, amplitude modulation, anechoic chamber, synthesizers, battery testing, CDMA, coaxial
systems, communications, compliance testing, component test, crystals, data acquisition, group delay,
digital communications, digital modulation, oscilloscopes, distortion, electronic counter measures,
electronic warfare, error analysis, fiber optics, Fourier analysis, frequency modulation, GSM 900, LCR
meters, lightwave, logic analyzers, manufacturing, materials measurement, microwave, mixers, mobile
radio, RF, network analyzer, noise figure, noise, oscillators, phase linearity, phase modulation, phase
noise testers, phase shift modulation, phase stability, phase locked loops, power meters, power transistors,
radar, protocol analysis, receivers, reflectometers, s-parameters, satellite communications,
semiconductors, signature analysis, Smith chart, spectrum analysis, standards, stripline, system
verification, TDMA, television, telecommunications, transistors, vector measurements, video, voltage
controlled oscillators, wireless communications
http://e-www.motorola.com/brdata/PDFDB/docs/AN1539.pdf
An IF communication circuit tutorial from Motorola.
http://sss-mag.com/ss.html
The ABCs of Spread Spectrum - A Tutorial on SS
129
Transformers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/baluns.htm
Balun transformers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/audio-transformers.htm
Audio transformers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/transformers.htm
Transformers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/if-amplifier-transformers.htm
IF amplifier transformers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/wide-band-rf-transformers.htm
Wide band RF transformers
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0502.htm
Transformer ratios. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation for the
voltage-turns ratio of a transformer. Describe exactly how the turns ratio of a transformer is related to its
voltage ratio. Explain the meaning of the terms step-up transformer and step-down transformer. Cite the
equation for the current-turns ratio of a transformer. Describe exactly how the turns ratio of a transformer
is related to its current ratio. Cite the equation for the current-voltage ratio of a transformer. Describe
exactly how the current ratio of a transformer is related to its voltage ratio.
Filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/band-pass-filters.htm
Band-pass filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/if-amplifier-filters.htm
IF amplifier filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/high-pass-filters.htm
High-pass filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/low-pass-filters.htm
Low-pass filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/active-bandpass-filters.htm
Active band-pass filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/filters.htm
LC filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/trap-filter.htm
Harmonic trap filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/filters.htm
Filters tutorial site
130
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/antenna-pre-selector-filters.htm
Antenna pre-selector filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/narrow-band-filters.htm
Narrow-band filters
Courses
http://ourworld.cs.com/gknott5413/
Access to two courses: 1. Electronics for Beginners, 2. Intermediate Electronics
http://www.ee.duke.edu/~cec/final/final.html
electrical engineering for beginners (class notes)
http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/203/
class notes and study guide in raw form
http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~pwrelect/book/slides/slidedir.html
pdf files loaded with graphs, theory and math, intended for classroom use with engineering textbook
http://www.st-and.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/intro/electron.htm
This course is designed to help you learn about components, circuits, and the use of electronics. You can
explore the contents in whatever order you wish. The emphasis is on providing information starting at the
'absolute beginners' level, but we hope eventually to provide material of use to anyone interested in
electronics and its applications .
Topics covered include:
A
Amplifier - simple JFET amp
Amplifiers and Power
Amplifier Classes (A, B, and AB) and their limitations
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
AM Waves and their spectrum
Analog Signals
Analog to Digital Conversion
ASCII Code
Antennas
Antenna Arrays
Audio and Analog
Audio Amplifiers
B
Barkhausen Criterion (for oscillators)
Beam/Waveguide Coupling
Black and White TV
Binary Logic and Switches
Bipolar Transistors
Bits
Bi-Wiring Loudspeakers
Broadcasting
Buffers
131
C
Cables (Audio)
Cables (approximations for a short run)
Cable Capacitance and Audio Signals
Cables (materials properties and skin effect)
Cables and Power Flow
Cables and Loudspeakers (Java model)
Cables (twin feed) and Skin Effect
Capacitors
CD Player
Characteristic Curves of a Bipolar Transistor.
Characteristic Curve of a Diode
Characteristic Curves of a Junction FET
(more on JFET characteristics)
Characteristic Curves of a MOSFET
Charge
Charge Flow and Power
Circuit Diagrams
Class A and Class B (Amplifiers)
Class AB (Amplifiers)
Coaxial Audio Interconnecting Cables
Coaxial Cable EH Field Patterns
Codes
Coherence
Color TV
Color code
Compact Disc
Complex numbers
Conductors and Semiconductors
Conventional Current
Conversion Gain
Crossed Wires
Current Amplifiers
Current and Charge
Current Sources
Current through a resistor
Cut off in waveguides
Cyphers
D
Decibels and Power
Digital Signals
Digital to Analog Conversion
Dielectric Capacitors
Dielectric Constant
Differential Amplifiers
Diodes
Diode Logic
Diodes and Rectification
Diplexing and balancing
Dipole Antennas
132
Dipole Arrays
Distortion
Dispersion and Loss in Transmission Lines
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Waves (BSDSC)
E
Earth Potential
EH Fields in coax and twin-feed cables
Electric Potential
Electrolytic Capacitors
Electronic Charge
Electron flow
Engineers? The missing link?
Envelope Detector (AM)
ERP
E12 Component value series
F
Feedback
Feedback Oscillators
Ferrite Rods and Loop Antennas
Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
Field Effect Transistor (more details)
FET Logic
Fiber Optics and Modes
Filter (RLC)
Filters (active & passive)
Filters (audio)
Filters (RF and IF)
Free Space Modes
Frequency Conversion
Frequency Conversion
Frequency Response of a High Pass Filter [Java]
Frequency response of a Low Pass filter [Java]
G
Gain
Gaussian Beam Modes
Group Delay and Filters
Gunn Oscillators
H
Heterodyning and complex signals
Heterodyne reception and calibration
Heterodyne Receivers (THz)
High Pass Filter [Java]
Holes
133
I
Inductors
Interferometry (Passive Ranging)
Insulators
J
Junction Field Effect Transistor
L
Lasers
Lenses
Link Gain
Log-Period Antenna
Logic
Long Playing Records
Long Tailed Pairs
Longwave/Mediumwave Antennas
Loudspeakers
Loudspeaker Cables
Low Pass Filter [Java]
M
Main Lobes
Metal Oxide Silicon FETs (MOSFETs)
Microwave Antennas
Minimum Detectable Temperature.
Mixers
Modes and waveguides
Monchrome TV
MOSFET Switches (logic)
Moving Charges
Multiplexing (frequency division multiplexing)
N
NAND/NOR Logic Gates
Negative Resistance Oscillators
Noise Temperature
O
Ohm's Law
One Time Pads
Optical Circuits
Optical Fiber
Optical Oscillators
Op-Amps
Oscillators (Negative Resistance)
P
Passive Ranging
Perpetual Motion?
Photoconductive detectors and mixers
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Pixels and Objects
Polarisers
Potential Difference
PN Junction
Potentiometers
Power
Power Amplifiers
Power Efficiency of Amplifiers
Power Flow guided by cables
Power Supply
Power Supplies and ripple
Propagation constant in waveguides
Push-Pull Amplifier
(more info on) Push-Pull
Q
Quantum Mechanics
Quasi Optics
R
Radar (Pulsed)
Radar (FMCW)
Radar (Weather)
Radiation Resistance
Radiation Resistance of a Dipole.
Ranging (Passive alternative to Radar)
Rayleigh-Jeans Region (of the spectrum)
Reactance (complex) of capacitors and inductors.
Resistors
Resonant RLC Filter [Java experiment]
Ripple (power supplies)
Roof Mirrors
Rubber (Zener) Diodes
S
Semiconductors
Series Pass Regulation
Sidebands
Sidelobes
Signals
Skin Effect
Skin Effect and Conductivity
Skin Effect and Stranded Wires
Skin Effect and Wire Diameter
Sky Noise
Smoothing Capacitor
Spatial Interferometry
Spectrum of AM Waves
Square-Law Mixers
Stereo FM Radio
Superheterodyne Receivers
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T
Terahertz Heterodyne Receivers
Transconductance of a JFET
Transformers in power supplies
Transformers and Inductors
Transmission Line
Twin Feeder EH Field Patterns
Twin Feed and Loudspeakers (Java model)
V
Variable Resistors
Video Signals
Voltage Amplifiers
W
Waveguide
Waveguides and Modes
Whip Antennas
Y
Yagi-Uder Antennas
Z
Zener Diodes and d.c. stabilisation
http://www.electronics2000.com/basics/basics.html
Basics of electronics - part I
Contains: What is electricity, basic atom structure, charge fundamentals, COULOMB'S LAW OF
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES, more laws, Source of Electricity and Common acceptable units of
measurement used in Electronics, What is VOLT, EMF, AMP, OHM, WATT, CONDUCTORS,
SEMICONDUCTORS and INSULATORS, RESISTANCE, How to measure Gauge in wire, Resistor
basics.
http://www.electronics2000.com/basics/basics2.html
Basics of Electronics - part II
Contains: Understanding Basic Circuits, and studying the relationships between resistance, volts and
amperes. More on WATTAGE. Conductance / MHOS / Siemens, more laws, series and parallel circuits
and more.
http://www.electronics2000.com/basics/basics3.html
Basics of Electronics - part III
Contains: The theory behind a Wheatstone Bridge Circuit, Switching, magnetism, permeability, magnetic
induction and shielding, ANGLE of DECLINATION or VARIATION, magnetic laws, retentivity,
residual magnetism, FERROMAGNETIC materials, PARAMAGNETIC materials, DIAMAGNETIC
materials, FLUX, and much more...., RELAYS, Introduction to A/C.
http://www.electronics2000.com/basics/basics4.html
Basics of Electronics - Part IV
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Contains: A/C Frequency Information, laws and some History flashbacks, wavelength calculation table,
RF/Microwave Terminology - Glossary of Wireless, RF and Microwave Terms, and lot's of terms and
some formulas and pictures. GENERATORS, ALTERNATORS AND DYNAMO.
http://www.electronics2000.com/basics/chapter5.html
Basics of Electronics - Part V
Contains: METERS AND INSTRUMENTS, OSCILLOSCOPE (what is rectification, briefly),
MEASUREMENT OF AC AND DC, DIGITAL MULTIMETERS.
http://www.electronics2000.com/basics/chapter6.html
Basics of Electronics - Part VI
Contains: INDUCTANCE/what it is, the Theory of how a diode works.
http://www.electronics2000.com/basics/chapter7/index.html
Basics of Electronics - Part VII
Contains so far: Continuation of INDUCTANCE related component explanations (TRANSFORMER)
and other information. Explained what MUTUAL INDUCTION is, how induction is measured in the unit
of H = HENRYS. Named the coil windings parts. What COUPLING is.
http://www.electronics2000.com/basics/chapter8/index.html
Basics of Electronics - Part VIII
Contains so far: What capacitance is, technical explanation of a capacitor, how it works and general
capacitance tutorial. Also take a look at the Technical Specifications of Capacitors.
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/g_knott/index12.htm
Course on operational amplifiers
http://www.csupomona.edu/~apfelzer/
Classes in basic electronics, circuit analysis, discrete systems in PDF format and interactive computer
demos.
http://science-ebooks.com/electronics/basic_electronics.htm
Basic Electronics is an online E-book covering subjects from ohms law to logic circuits. Lots of
animation and troubleshooting simulations included.
Products and Materials
http://www.eio.com/stepindx.htm
EIO is a source associating information with the distribution of electronics, computer and optical
materials. Technical forums on liquid crystal displays, charge couple devices, stepper motors, lasers, laser
light shows, micro controllers, holography, fiber optics, electro-optics and ECSC products consist of a
body of information and a hyper-email discussion group. There are catalogues of products, details of
events, and links to sites of related interest.
Soldering
http://www.epemag.wimborne.co.uk/solderfaq.htm
Basic soldering guide
http://www.epemag.wimborne.co.uk/solderpix.htm
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The Basic Soldering Guide Photo Gallery is a high quality photo sequence to show you how to make the
perfect solder joint; "dry joints" and more "hot tips"!
http://www.epemag.wimborne.co.uk/
Everyday Practical Electronics Magazine is based in Dorset, UK. It specializes in electronics technology
and computer projects. The site includes links to related pages. There are details of how to subscribe to
the magazine. Resources such as a guide to soldering, user applications for TENS and information on
intelligent LCDs is provided.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/soldering.htm
Soldering techniques
High Temperature Electronics
http://www.hiten.com/
The High Temperature Electronics Network of Excellence (HITEN) was launched in 1992 as part of the
European Unions information technologies research and technological development program (Esprit). Its
main objectives include the dissemination of information concerning high temperature electronics, the
demonstration of devices and systems operating at temperatures greater than 125°C, and the development
of an education and training base within Europe for high temperature electronics. The web server includes
background information about HITEN, articles from the HITEN bi-monthly newsletter, lists of relevant
conferences, and pointers to related sites. A WWW version of the HITEN technical and bibliographic
database is available on a subscription basis.
Power Electronics
http://www.pels.org/pels.html
The Power Electronics Society is part of the IEEE, based in the USA. It specializes in the development
and application of power electronics technology, for example in cars, computers, microwave ovens,
telephones, stereos, or power tools. The site includes basic descriptions of the operation of power
electronic devices and their applications. Issues of the society newsletter are available on-line, as is a list
of contents for technical papers in the Transactions journal. Events and conferences are listed along with
links to conference web sites. Membership information is provided.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/ch01/ch01_p1.htm
Introduction to power electronics.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/pe03_nc2.htm
Simple SCR circuits.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/pe03_nc2.htm
Simple SCR circuits.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/pe04_nc6.htm
Fully controlled one phase SCR bridge rectifier.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/pe05_nc6.htm
Fully controlled three phase SCR bridge rectifier.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/pe06_nc2.htm
Semi-controlled rectifiers.
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http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/pe07_nc8.htm
Switch mode power supply.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/ch07s1/ch07s1p1.htm
Step-down, SMPS/Buck Converter: Ideal Circuit
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/ch07s2/ch07s2p1.htm
Step-down, SMPS/Buck Converter: Practical Circuit
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/ch07s3/ch07s3p1.htm
Step-up, switch mode power supply: ideal boost converter.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/contents.htm
a detailed theory of operation for diode and SCR based dc converters in single and three phase
applications
http://www.irf.com/technical-info/guide/
basic circuit and power semiconductor applications and theory
http://www.analog.com/library/whitepapers/dataConverters/pdf/solid_state.pdf
Solid state solutions for electricity metrology.
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/33-02/power/index.html
All-Electronics Power and Energy Meters - white paper
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/marketSolutions/motorControl/pdf/ADI_Tech_Paper.pdf
High efficiency, Low Cost, Sensorless Motor Control - white paper - 8 pages.
http://www.e-insite.net/ednmag/index.asp?layout=article&articleId=CA46325
Modify your switching-supply architecture for improved transient response.
By taking a different approach to switching-supply design, you can develop an architecture that improves
overall supply performance in critical transient specifications.
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/dataConverters/pdf/substitute_soic8.pdf
The Do's and Don’ts When Substituting SOIC-8 Voltage Reference.
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/dataConverters/pdf/Publication_V-Ref.pdf
Voltage References and Low Dropout Linear Regulators - 57 pages white paper.
http://www.smpstech.com/
Switching mode power supply design - collection of resources: tutorials, questions, books, vendors,
design aids.
http://www.smpstech.com/tutorial/t00con.htm
Tutorial on switching mode power supply design
http://www.smpstech.com/papers/index.htm
Collection of links to power electronics papers.
http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~pwrelect/publications.html
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Publications of the Colorado Power Electronics Center.
http://www.smpstech.com/aids.htm
Links to design aids for power supply design.
http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/step/
Control of Stepping Motors, A Tutorial
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_PC.html#ASCIISCHEMPC_005
Filtering a PC bus power. PC/Logic-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- (Complete ASCII Circuit)
Printed Circuit Boards (PCB's)
http://www.insidelectronics.com/
Inside electronics is the Inside Communications Electronics Group website which comprises electronic
versions of the magazines The Good PCB Guide, Electronic Production, Test and its related Exhibition.
Electronic Production concentrates on the assembly of components and PCBs into functioning circuit
boards. Test covers all aspects of electronics testing and design verification at wafer, board and system
level, while The Good PCB Guide considers all aspects of the design, manufacture and marketing of
PCBs. It also takes a view on the global business climate as it pertains to PCB fabrication.
All three titles offer an indication of the current issue's features, together with an archive of full-text items
from past issues. A news section and a services directory are also available. On the Electronic Production
and Test pages, buyers guides are given, while the Electronic Production site also contains an
encyclopedia covering all aspects of electronic production.
Keywords: electronics assembly, PCB assembly, printed circuit boards
http://www.iguanalabs.com/breadboard.htm
Using a breadboard.
http://www.channel1.com/users/analog/tutor.html
Analog tutorials and frequently asked questions.
Articles:
Noise in PCB Design (16kB)
Design Techniques (11kB)
Passive Components (6kB)
Formulas & Numbers (5kB)
http://www.channel1.com/users/analog/noise.html
Noise in PCB design. A guide for PCB designers (white paper).
http://www.channel1.com/users/analog/techniq.html
Design techniques for PCB's.
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_prot.htm
Prototyping/Breadboarding Tutorial
Projects
http://www.epemag.wimborne.co.uk/
Everyday Practical Electronics Magazine is based in Dorset, UK. It specializes in electronics technology
and computer projects.
140
The site includes links to related pages. There are details of how to subscribe to the magazine. Resources
such as a guide to soldering, user applications for TENS and information on intelligent LCDs is provided.
http://my.integritynet.com.au/purdic/lc-meter-project.htm
Describes, including parts list, how to build an LC meter.
http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/Other_Groups/K-2/Sample_Projects/Ohms_Law/ohmslaw.html
NASA Ohms Law Page
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/test-equip/test-equip.htm
Links to web sites that show how to build test equipment projects.
http://www.iguanalabs.com/7805kit.htm
Building a 5 V power supply.
http://www.boondog.com/tutorials/tutorials.htm
complete project plans & instructions for 8255, printer port and infrared I/O boards
http://hem2.passagen.se/sm0vpo/
Well documented projects for antennas, receivers, transmitters and other RF related circuits.
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/5322/
Complete DC solid state load, AC inverter, HV pulse generator projects and more.
http://www.halcyon.com/sciclub/kidproj1.html
Links to kid's science projects, including some related to electronics.
http://headwize.com/projects/noise_prj.htm
Wave canceling headphones project.
Oscillators
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/voltage-controlled-oscillators.htm
Voltage controlled oscillators
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/oscillators.htm
Oscillators tutorial site
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/oscillator-basics.htm
Principles of oscillator operation
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/hartley-oscillator.htm
Hartley oscillator
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/colpitts-oscillators.htm
Colpitts oscillators
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/crystal-oscillators.htm
Crystal oscillators
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/crystal-grinding.htm
Crystal grinding
141
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/oscillator-drift.htm
Oscillator drift
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/drift-correction.htm
Drift correction circuits
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/clapp-oscillators.htm
Clapp oscillators
http://www.iguanalabs.com/555kit.htm
Pulses, oscillators, clocks.
http://www.wenzel.com/oscillators.html
Crystal oscillator information
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_IR.html#ASCIISCHEMIR_002
Cheap 40 kHz clock
IR-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- Use a 40KHz Xtal and a 74C14 schmitt trigger: This circuit has
worked for me in many applications. (it might be an idea to buffer the signal before using it. (There are
still 5 unused gates in the 'C14.. :-) (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_004
CMOS oscillator circuit
What I am looking for is a low power oscillator (<.5 mA @ 5V) running at a frequency of roughly 1
MHz. However, the frequency-determining component should be an inductor with a value of approx. 75
uH The circuit below uses a single CMOS low speed 74C14 inverting Schmitt trigger chip, your 75uH
inductor, and two 10K resistors. It draws about 400uA and oscillates at about 4MHz. The oscillator period
will be approximately linearly related to the inductor value, Period ~=~ K1 + (K2 * L) [Note also that K1
will not be zero] (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_008
Crystal 32.768 kHz CMOS Oscillator
Try a Pierce oscillator, with the following specific component values: (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_009
Crystal oscillator circuit.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_010
FM oscillator circuit. Here's a dandy circuit for a VCO and buffer that operates across the entire FM
broadcast band (88-108 MHz). I stole the main idea from the local oscillator in
a radio shack scanner (pro2004). I like this design because it doesn't require a tapped coil, it tunes very
broadly, it's stable, and it has a nice, hot output. (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem_IR.html#ASCIISCHEMIR_003
A very stable 40 kHz generator. IR-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 -- A circuit that I have used before is
based on the CD4060 (14stage binary counter) and a 640Khz ceramic resonator. The CD4060 is basically
an oscillator and a ripple counter to divide the 640khz down to something more usable. A nice part about
this circuit is that it delivers a STABLE 40khz signal, as well as delivering several other frequencies that
can be used to modulate the 40khz carrier. For example, the person that designed this circuit (Ken Boone,
member of Triangle Amateur Robotics) used it to build several beacons in his yard to serve as navigation
142
points for a robotic lawnmower. By diode-OR'ing the results of the 40khz carrier and one of the lower
frequencies (such as the 125Hz) line to drive a ring of IR-LEDs, he could locate the beacon and tell
which, of several, beacons he had found. This circuit has proven to be VERY stable, and is fairly
inexpensive (about $1.50 for the CD4060 and 640Khz ceramic resonator). (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_016
Ultrasonic transducer oscillator circuit. Allows the transducer to oscillate at its self-resonating point, with
no tedious setup. (Complete ASCII Circuit)
Resistors
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/resistor-color-code.htm
Resistor color code
http://www.iguanalabs.com/resistors.htm
Resistor color codes.
http://www.williamson-labs.com/resistors.htm
Basics: Resistors
Capacitors
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/working-voltage-capacitance.htm
Capacitor working voltage and dielectric strength.
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/energy-stored-capacitor.htm
Energy stored in a capacitor
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/modern-capacitors.htm
Modern capacitors
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/polarization-capacitor.htm
Polarization of capacitors
http://www.faradnet.com/deeley/book_toc.htm
Electrolytic capacitors - theory, construction, characteristics and applications. Free online
book.
http://www.capacitors.com/consider/consider.htm
Considerations for high performance capacitors
http://www.twysted-pair.com/capidcds.htm
Capacitor identification codes.
http://www.electronics2000.com/basics/chapter8/technical.html
Technical specifications of capacitors
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0803.htm
Capacitance Formulas
When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the units of measure and common ranges of
values for capacitance. Describe how charge, capacitance, and voltage are related in a capacitor circuit.
143
Calculate the amount of charge on a capacitor, given the values of capacitance and voltage. Define the
term dielectric constant. Describe how the common area of the plates of a capacitor affect its capacitance
value. Describe how the spacing of the plates of a capacitor affect its capacitance value. Calculate the
value of a capacitor, given the values for plate area, plate spacing, and the dielectric constant.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1102.htm
Capacitive Reactance Equation
When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation for determining the value of
capacitive reactance, given the values of applied frequency and capacitance. Solve the equation, given
two of the three variables.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0802.htm
Capacitor Action
When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe the meaning of charging capacitor and
discharging a capacitor. Explain how AC current flows in a capacitor circuit, but with none flowing
through the capacitor, itself.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1003.htm
Capacitor charging events
When you complete this module, you should be able to: Explain the meaning of instantaneous capacitor
voltage. Describe each of the terms in the equation for determining the instantaneous capacitor-charging
voltage in an RC circuit. Calculate the instantaneous capacitor charge voltage. Describe each of the terms
in the equation for determining the instantaneous capacitor-charging current in an RC circuit. Calculate
the instantaneous capacitor charge current. Describe the curves for instantaneous resistor voltage and
current in a capacitor-charging circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1105.htm
Current and voltage in Xc circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe the
fact that the current of a capacitor always leads the voltage across the capacitor by 90 degrees. Sketch a
vector diagram showing how the current leads the voltage.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0801.htm
Introduction to capacitance. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Define the term
dielectric. Define capacitance in terms of two conductors and a dielectric. Cite some common dielectric
materials. Describe how an electrical charge is stored in a dielectric material. Define the terms
electrostatic field. Describe how electrostatic induction affects the charge on a capacitor.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1106.htm
Power in XC circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe how AC power is
absorbed by a capacitor for one-quarter cycle, then returned to the circuit during the next quarter cycle.
Describe the differences between power in a resistor circuit and apparent power in a capacitor circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1002.htm
RC time constant. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe the equation for
determining the time constant of a series RC circuit. Calculate the RC time constant of a circuit. Explain
the significance of the percentage value 63.2% in the process of charging a capacitor through a resistance.
Explain why a capacitor is considered fully charged at the end of 5 time constants. Calculate the amount
of voltage on a capacitor after it has charged a given number of time constants. Explain the significance
of the percentage value 63.2% in the process of discharging a capacitor through a resistance. Explain why
a capacitor is considered fully discharged at the end of 5 time constants. Calculate the amount of voltage
on a capacitor after it has discharged a given number of time constants.
144
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1103.htm
Series and parallel XC. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Explain the meaning of
each term in the equation for total capacitive reactance in a series circuit. Calculate the total capacitive
reactance of a series circuit, given the values of the individual reactances. Explain the meaning of each
term in the equation for total capacitive reactance in a parallel circuit. Calculate the total capacitive
reactance of a parallel circuit, given the values of the individual reactances.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0903.htm
Series capacitor circuits. when you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation(s) for
calculating the total capacitance of a series circuit. Explain how total capacitance decreases with the
number of capacitors connected in series. Calculate the total capacitance of a series circuit, given the
values of individual capacitors. Describe how the voltage across each capacitor is inversely proportional
to the value of the capacitor. Describe how the charge and discharge current is the same for each capacitor
in a series circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1302.htm
Series LC circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe how to determine the
total reactance of a series LC circuit. Sketch the vector diagram for the total reactance of a series LC
circuit. Describe how to use Ohm's Law to calculate the total reactive current in a series LC circuit.
Explain how to determine the total reactive voltage and the voltages across the individual reactances in a
series LC circuit. Sketch a vector diagram for the voltages in a series LCcircuit. Describe how the current
through a series LC circuit is maximum when XL = XC.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1202.htm
Series RC circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Define the impedance of an
RC circuit. Cite the equation for calculating the impedance of an RC circuit in terms of R and XC.
Calculate the value of impedance for a series RC circuit, given the values of R and XC. Discuss the fact
that the total voltage in a series RC circuit is greater than the sum of voltages across R and C. Cite the
equation for determining the total voltage for a series RC circuit. Calculate the total voltage for a series
RC circuit. Cite two different equations for determining the total phase angle for a series RC circuit.
Calculate the total phase angle of a series RC circuit. Describe what is meant by a complete analysis of a
series RC circuit. Completely analyze a series RC circuit.
http://www.alaska.net/~research/Net/NDRCElec.htm
XC and Ohms Law. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite Ohm's Law for
capacitive reactance. Explain how Ohm's Law for XC is similar to Ohm's Law for R. Use Ohm's Law to
solve for voltage, current, or capacitive reactance for a capacitor. Solve Ohm's Law for capacitance, given
values of f and L rather than XC.
http://www.amasci.com/emotor/cap1.html
How capacitors really work. - white paper.
http://ledmuseum.home.att.net/
Capacitors tutorial
http://www.capacitors.com/pickcap/pickcap.htm
Choosing capacitors
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_rlc-c.htm
Capacitors: What are they good for?
145
Inductors
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/mobius-winding.htm
Special winding techniques
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/toroids.htm
Toroids
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/chokes.htm
Chokes
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/filters/filters.htm
LC filters
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/coil-forms.htm
Coil formers and cores
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0605.htm
Current and voltages in XL circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe the
fact that the current through an inductor always lags the voltage across the inductor by 90 degrees. Sketch
a vector diagram showing how the current lags the voltage.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0201.htm
Introduction to inductance. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Express in words
Faraday's Law for a straight wire. Cite the meaning of each term in the mathematical expression of
Faraday's Law for a straight wire and for a coil of wire. Express Lenz's Law in a single sentence.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0601.htm
Introduction to inductive reactance. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Define
inductive reactance. Describe the effect that inductive reactance has upon the amount of current flowing
in an AC circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0602.htm
Inductive reactance formula. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation for
determining the value of inductive reactance, given the values of applied frequency and inductance. Solve
the equation, given two of the three variables.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0705.htm
Power in R-L circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Sketch the AC waveforms
for power, voltage, and current in a series RL circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0606.htm
Power in XL circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe how AC power is
absorbed by an inductor for one-quarter cycle, then returned to the circuit during the next quarter cycle.
Explain the meaning of each term in the equation for instantaneous power in an AC inductor circuit.
Describe the differences between power in a resistor circuit and apparent power in an inductor circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0703.htm
Q of an inductor. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Explain the meaning of the Q,
or merit, of an inductor. Calculate the Q of an inductor. Describe how the Q of an inductor changes with
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the operating frequency. Describe the effects that the internal resistance of a coil has upon the Q of the
coil.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_002
Quiz - Show inductor circuit. Here's a simple, cheap circuit that will let you conduct your very own quiz
shows. It has a lamp and a button for each player. When a button is pressed, it
lights that player's lamp and locks out the other button until the circuit is reset. Circuit Description: When
the circuit is first powered up (or after a reset -- same thing), both SCR gates are held at ground potential
by R1 and R6. Therefore, neither SCR will latch up, and both lamps will be off. When one of SW1 or
SW2 is pressed, the corresponding SCR's gate is pulled high, so the SCR latches on. Even if the switch is
released, the SCR remains latched, keeping the lamp illuminated. Diodes CR1 and CR2 ensure that only
one lamp may be on at a time. Once an SCR turns on, it forces the other SCR's gate to remain at a low
voltage, even if its switch is pressed. It is probably possible to change the bulbs and the power supply to
12V with no other circuit changes, but I have only built a 6V system. The circuit does not draw current
when the lamps are off, so it may be battery powered with no additional cutoff switch. I built the whole
thing in a plastic shoebox. Serving Suggestion: These are great fun in elementary school classes, and as
the whole thing can be built for about $5, it's well worth letting the kids have fun while they destroy it!
(Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0402.htm
RL time constant. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe the equation for
determining the time constant of a series RL circuit. Calculate the L/R time constant of a circuit. Explain
the significance of the percentage value 63.2% while current is building through an RL circuit. Explain
why the build-up current of an inductor reaches its steady state the end of 5 time constants. Calculate the
build-up current through an inductor after a given number of time constants. Explain the significance of
the percentage value 63.2% while current is decaying through an RL circuit. Explain why the decaying
current of an inductor reaches a steady state at the end of 5time constants. Calculate the amount of decay
current through an inductor after a given number of time constants.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0202.htm
Self inductance. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Explain self-inductance. Define
inductance in terms of induced voltage. Cite the units of measure for inductance. Describe the voltage
waveform across an inductor when a sine waveform of current is being applied.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0603.htm
Series and parallel XL. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Explain the meaning of
each term in the equation for total inductive reactance in a series circuit. Calculate the total inductive
reactance of a series circuit, given the values of the individual reactances. Explain the meaning of each
term in the equation for total inductive reactance in a parallel circuit. Calculate the total inductive
reactance of a parallel circuit, given the values of the individual reactances.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0302.htm
Series inductor circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite the equation for
calculating the total inductance of a series circuit. Explain how total inductance increases with each
inductor that is added in series. Calculate the total inductance of a series circuit, given the values of
individual inductors. Describe how inductor voltage drops are distributed among inductors that are
connected in series. Describe how changes in source voltage affect the current flowing through the circuit.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm1302.htm
Series LC circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Describe how to determine the
total reactance of a series LC circuit. Sketch the vector diagram for the total reactance of a series LC
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circuit. Describe how to use Ohm's Law to calculate the total reactive current in a series LC circuit.
Explain how to determine the total reactive voltage and the voltages across the individual reactances in a
series LC circuit. Sketch a vector diagram for the voltages in a series LCcircuit. Describe how the current
through a series LC circuit is maximum when XL = XC.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0702.htm
Series RL circuits. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Define the impedance of an
RL circuit. Cite the equation for calculating the impedance of an RL circuit in terms of R and XL.
Calculate the value of impedance for a series RL circuit, given the values of R and XL. Calculate the
impedance of a series RL circuit, given the values of R, L, and f. Cite the equation for determining the
total phase angle for a series RL circuit in terms of voltage drops. Given values of R and XL, determine
the phase angles for the resistor, inductor, and total circuit. Describe what is meant by a complete analysis
of a series RL circuit. Completely analyze a series RL circuit, given the values of R, L, VT, and f.
http://www.sweethaven.com/acee/forms/frm0604.htm
XL and Ohms Law. When you complete this module, you should be able to: Cite Ohm's Law for
inductive reactance. Explain how Ohm's Law for XL is similar to Ohm's Law for R. Use Ohm's Law to
solve for voltage, current, or inductive reactance for an inductor. Solve Ohm's Law for inductance, given
values of f and L rather than XL.
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_rlc-l.htm
Inductors: What are they good for?
Semiconductors
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/diodes.htm
Varactor diodes
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/transistors.htm
Transistors
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/diodes.htm
Tutorial on diodes
http://www.iguanalabs.com/breadboard.htm
Using transistors and LED's.
http://www.iguanalabs.com/1stled.htm
Learning about transistors and LED's.
http://www.ee.uts.edu.au/~venkat/pe_html/pe02_nc2.htm
Simple diode circuits.
http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/circuits/F_ASCII_Schem.html#ASCIISCHEM_021
Peltier coolers/heaters. A typical peltier device consists of a number of series-connected N- and P-type
semiconductors sandwiched between two ceramic plates, such that the flow of majority carriers (electrons
or holes) in each semiconductor occurs in a single direction. (Complete ASCII Circuit)
http://www.amasci.com/amateur/transis.html
How transistors really work - white paper.
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http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_xtor.htm
transistors tutorials
Radio Frequency/Electromagnetism
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/wide-band-rf-transformers.htm
Wide band RF transformers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/s-meters.htm
S meters
http://www.analog.com/technology/dataConverters/training/pdf/DDStutor.pdf
Digital Upconverter IC Tames Complex Modulation (paper published in Microwaves & RF magazine)
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/amplifiersLinear/LogAmps/technote1.html
A 10.7 MHz, 120 dB Logarithmic Amp
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/amplifiersLinear/LogAmps/technote2.html
Controlling RF Power Transmission using a Demodulating
Logarithmic Amp
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/amplifiersLinear/LogAmps/technote3.html
Log Amp Applications in Wireless Receive Channels
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/33-03/ask28/index.html
Logarithmic Amplifiers - Explained - white paper
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/smith.htm
Exploring the secrets of the Smith chart* - an indispensable tool
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/gpsant.htm
Adventures in amplified GPS antenna construction; an experiment...
http://www.rfglobalnet.com/content/misc/sitemap.asp
a nice variety of radio frequency, microwave, electronics and miscellaneous technical articles and
information
http://www.wa4dsy.net/
RF modem technical paper: theory of operation including schematics for this 56K digital device
http://www.wenzel.com/documents/tutorial.html
insulating materials, battery capacity, SWR and electrostatics info
http://www.wenzel.com/pdffiles/losschrt.pdf
Return loss conversion chart. (reflected and transmitted power, VSWR, etc.)
http://www.wenzel.com/documents/swr.html
SWR, Return Loss, and Reflection Coefficient - white paper.
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http://www.wenzel.com/pdffiles/static1.pdf
Fundamentals of Electrostatics I
http://www.wenzel.com/pdffiles/static2.pdf
Fundamentals of Electrostatics II
http://bwcecom.belden.com/college/college.htm
Audio, video, data and RF wiring applications explained.
http://www.radiodesign.com/legacy/hwitwrks.htm
Easy to read descriptions of various RF technologies including cell phones, radio, TV, pagers and more.
http://www.perry-lake.k12.oh.us/phs/Classdept/sciencedept/physics/tutorials/e_m/mag1/mag1.htm
Magnetics and electromagnetic induction
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/
Antennas and microwave engineering tutorials.
http://www.williamson-labs.com/480_emc.htm
Tutorial on Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
http://members.tripod.com/michaelgellis/ads.html
ADS tutorials
http://we.home.agilent.com/cgibin/bvpub/agilent/search/r2v2/generalSearchResults.jsp?prevSearchString
=&prevSearchInterestArea=&amp;LANGUAGE_CODE=eng&NAV_ID=11144.0.00&COUNTRY_CODE=
US&searchString=application+notes&searchInterestArea=000&search_for_go=Go
Agilent application notes. AM, ATM/Parallel Test Systems, Acoustic, Agilent function generators,
amplifiers, amplitude modulation, anechoic chamber, synthesizers, battery testing, CDMA, coaxial
systems, communications, compliance testing, component test, crystals, data acquisition, group delay,
digital communications, digital modulation, oscilloscopes, distortion, electronic counter measures,
electronic warfare, error analysis, fiber optics, Fourier analysis, frequency modulation, GSM 900, LCR
meters, lightwave, logic analyzers, manufacturing, materials measurement, microwave, mixers, mobile
radio, RF, network analyzer, noise figure, noise, oscillators, phase linearity, phase modulation, phase
noise testers, phase shift modulation, phase stability, phase locked loops, power meters, power transistors,
radar, protocol analysis, receivers, reflectometers, s-parameters, satellite communications,
semiconductors, signature analysis, Smith chart, spectrum analysis, standards, stripline, system
verification, TDMA, television, telecommunications, transistors, vector measurements, video, voltage
controlled oscillators, wireless communications
Testing Instruments
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/s-meters.htm
S meters
http://we.home.agilent.com/cgibin/bvpub/agilent/search/r2v2/generalSearchResults.jsp?prevSearchString
=&prevSearchInterestArea=&LANGUAGE_CODE=eng&NAV_ID=11144.0.00&COUNTRY_CODE=
US&searchString=application+notes&searchInterestArea=000&search_for_go=Go
Agilent application notes. AM, ATM/Parallel Test Systems, Acoustic, Agilent function generators,
amplifiers, amplitude modulation, anechoic chamber, synthesizers, battery testing, CDMA, coaxial
systems, communications, compliance testing, component test, crystals, data acquisition, group delay,
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digital communications, digital modulation, oscilloscopes, distortion, electronic counter measures,
electronic warfare, error analysis, fiber optics, Fourier analysis, frequency modulation, GSM 900, LCR
meters, lightwave, logic analyzers, manufacturing, materials measurement, microwave, mixers, mobile
radio, RF, network analyzer, noise figure, noise, oscillators, phase linearity, phase modulation, phase
noise testers, phase shift modulation, phase stability, phase locked loops, power meters, power transistors,
radar, protocol analysis, receivers, reflectometers, s-parameters, satellite communications,
semiconductors, signature analysis, Smith chart, spectrum analysis, standards, stripline, system
verification, TDMA, television, telecommunications, transistors, vector measurements, video, voltage
controlled oscillators, wireless communications
http://www.tek.com/Measurement/cgibin/framed.pl?Document=/Measurement/App_Notes/XYZs/&Fram
eSet=oscilloscopes
Tektronix guide describing how oscilloscope works and how to take simple measurements.
Integrated Circuits
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/devices/devices.htm
Electronic devices: timers, mixers, etc. IC's
http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/
Chip directory. This site contains: Numerically and functionally ordered chip lists,
chip pinouts and lists of chip manufacturers, manufacturers of controller embedding tools, electronics
books, CDROM's, magazines, WWW sites and much more.
http://www.twysted-pair.com/74xx.htm
Standard TTL logic levels.
http://et.nmsu.edu/ETCLASSES/vlsi/files/AUTHOR.html
A VLSI tutorial.
Wires
http://www.drzyzgula.org/bob/text/fr.tom/awg.txt
Everything you ever wanted to know about wire sizes and currents.
Links
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/links/links.htm
Links to sites of interest in electronics
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/receivers/receivers.htm
Links to tutorials on receivers
http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/test-equip/test-equip.htm
Links to web sites that show how to build test equipment projects.
http://www.smpstech.com/aids.htm
Links to design aids for power supply design.
151
http://amasci.com/ele-edu.html
Links to a collection of articles on electricity.
http://www.amasci.com/emotor/statelec.html
Links to articles on static electricity.
http://www.amasci.com/tesla/tesla.html
Links related to Tesla's contributions.
http://www.halcyon.com/sciclub/kidproj1.html
Links to kid's science projects, including some related to electronics.
http://www.amasci.com/ele-edu.html
Links to articles on electricity, electronics, and projects.
Electronics Hobbyist
http://dmoz.org/Science/Technology/Electronics/Tutorials/
Links to electronics tutorials.
Terms and Abbreviations
http://www.twysted-pair.com/dictionary.htm
Dictionary of electronic terms.
http://www.twysted-pair.com/abbreviations.htm
Abbreviations used in electronics.
Instrumentations/ Industrial Electronics
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/33-02/ask27/index.html
Q. What problems am I most likely to run into when instrumenting an industrial system?
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/amplifiersLinear/SEN5247e.pdf
Protecting Instrumentation Amplifiers - white paper - 6 pages.
http://www.analog.com/library/techArticles/marketSolutions/ios/5probs.html
The Five Most Common Industrial Measurement Problems*
- Which do you need to solve?
1. Ground loops
2. Damaged data acquisition hardware through mis-wiring or over-voltage signal levels.
3. Too little resolution in your measurement.
4. How to handle a wide variety of signals.
5. Too much interference from outside sources.
http://www.jashaw.com/pid/tutorial/
PID algorithms and tuning methods
http://www.jashaw.com/pid/description.htm
The PID control algorithm
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http://www.jashaw.com/pid/code.htm
Suggested code for the PID algorithm.
http://www.jashaw.com/pid/code.htm
The Ziegler-Nichosl Closed Loop Tuning Method
http://members.aol.com/pidcontrol/pid_algorithm.html
PID algorithm
http://www.expertune.com/artCE87.html
descriptive article explaining how different manufacturers equipment implements control loops
http://www.expertune.com/tutor.html
a concise tutorial covering general PID characteristics
http://www.expertune.com/articles.html
Gain from using one of process control's emerging tools: power spectrum - white paper
http://www.expertune.com/articles.html
Poor controller tuning drives up valve costs - white paper.
http://www.expertune.com/articles.html
How to measure and combat valve stiction on line - white paper.
http://www.expertune.com/articles.html
Stiction: The Hidden Menace - white paper.
http://www.expertune.com/articles.html
Comparison of PID Control Algorithms. - white paper
http://instserv.com/pid.htm
PID technical notes
http://www.piezo.com/bendedu.html
Introduction to Piezo Transducers
http://www.piezo.com/history.html
History of Piezoelectricity
http://www.plcs.net/contents.shtml
PLC tutorial
http://www.thelearningpit.com/
PLC and ladder logic simulators
Tubes
http://www.ee.ualberta.ca/~schmaus/elect/tdex.html
The vacuum tube web page.
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http://www.ee.ualberta.ca/~schmaus/vacf/index.html
Vacuum technology page.
http://www.ee.ualberta.ca/~schmaus/elect/tdex.html
How vacuum tubes work
http://www.ee.ualberta.ca/~schmaus/elect/tdex.html
Vacuum tube theory.
154
Digital Electronics – prepared by Prof. Rafael Arce, UPR-Humacao
KV-diagram applet
http://tech-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/applets/kvd
Applet de Mapas de Karnaugh. Usuario llena la tabla, agrupa los terminos y el programa presenta el
circuito que implementa la función booleana (y lo modifica de acuerdo a los cambios que realiza el
usuario en el mapa). Apoya simplificación de funciones booleanas (OR de ANDs ó AND de ORs). El
applet trae ejemplos, tutorial y la posibilidad de descargar el programa para uso en computadora
'standalone'.
Switch Level Design
http://ww.ece.gatech.edu/research/ccss/education/Java/ASEE/logic/index.html
Esta página incluye un applet en el que el usuario puede diseñar y simular compuertas lógicas utilizando
estructuras tipo CMOS. El usuario coloca las compuertas en area de trabajo, las conecta y asigna variables
a las entradas. Con cada cambio, la simulación muestra cuales interruptores conducen y el paso de
corriente a través del sistema. Además, el programa trae ejemplos de compuertas ya hechas.
Simcir - Java Logic Circuit Simulator Applet
Http://www.cs.hmc.edu/~keller/javaExamples/simcir121/
Simulador de circuitos lógicos simples. Incluye compuertas básicas (NAND, AND, NOR, OR, XOR,
XNOR, NOT), interruptores y LEDs. Capaz de simular feedack (como para simulaciones de Flip/Flops)
Fácil de usar y rápido.
DIGital
http://library.thinkquest.org/2723/lessons.html
Curso en linea de circuitos digitales. Cubre los tópicos de: algebra Booleana, tablas veritativas y
compuertas Booleanas. Cada lección incluye discusión y prueba diagnóstica automaticamente corregida.
Microprocessor Simulator 8085 for Windows
http://www.insoluz.com/Micro/Micro.html
Excelente simulador del microprocesador 8085, muy práctico para cursos instroductorios a
microprocesadores. El programa escribe en lenguage de ensamblador o escogiendo las instrucciones de
un menu. La simulación muestra el contenido de los registros, status flags, stack, memoria, entradas y
salidas. Descargue gratuitamente, pague $10 para continuar usando.
Base Conversion
http://library.thinkquest.org/10784/
Applet para conversion de números a diferentes bases comúnes en sistemas digitales: decimal, binario,
hexadecimal y octal.
Pre-Written Labs in Computer Engineering
http://www.educatorscorner.com/experiments/comp_eng.shtml
Experimentos de electrónica digital sometidos al website 'Educators Corner' de Hewlett Packard.
HowStuffWorks - Learn how Everything Works! http://www.howstuffworks.com
Como dice el nombre, este websitio da explicaciones sobre como funciona desde una computadora hasta
las predicciones de Nostradamus de forma muy amena y didactica. Entre los temas relacionados a la
electrónica digital se encuentran los siguientes:
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• "How Boolean Logic Works" http://www.howstuffworks.com/boolean.htm - Compuertas lógicas,
sumadores, Flip/Flops
• "How Bits and Bytes Work" http://www.howstuffworks.com/bytes.htm - Sistemas numéricos, bits,
bytes y aritmética binaria.
• "How Microprocessors Work" http://www.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm - Historia de los
microprocesadores, memorias e instrucciones.
• "How PCs Work" http://www.howstuffworks.com/pc.htm
• "How RAM Works" http://www.howstuffworks.com/ram.htm
• "How ROM Works" http://www.howstuffworks.com/rom.htm
• "How Computer Memory Works" http://www.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htm
• "How Flash Memory Works" http://www.howstuffworks.com/flash-memory.htm
Physiscs Lecture Notes: Digital Circuits
http://www.phys.ualberta.ca/~gingrich/phys395/notes/node117.html
Notas sobre muchos temas de electronica digital básica. Buenas como referencia para un curso
univesitario.
Boondog Automation
http://www.boondog.com/tutorials/tutorials.htm
Boondog ofrece una serie de tutoriales y proyectos que utilizan circuitos digitales para control e interface
con la computadora: controlar aparatos por el internet, tarjetas ISA para conversion analogo-digital y
digital-analogo, entre otras.
555.EXE
http://home.att.net/~BillBowden/555.exe)
Programa sencillo para diseño oscilador aestable usando un circuito 555, resistores y capacitor.
Lessons In Electric Circuits -- Volume IV (Digital)
http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits/Digital/index.html
Libro de texto en linea completo sobre circuitos digitales.
Bowden's Hobby Circuits
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Bill_Bowden/
Muy buena página de recursos para electrónica: esquemáticos, información, software, vendedores.
Martindale's Reference Desk: Calculators On-Line Center - cientos de programas online de calculadoras
para todo tipo aplicación. Contiene sección especializada para Ingenieria de Computadoras y Electrica.
DIGITAL.ZIP
http://home.att.net/~BillBowden/digital.zip
Digital Challenge v2.10 - Software de entrenamiento para aprender circuitos digitales y temas de
computadoras. Consiste de 10 ejercicios que se auto corrigen.
PC System Builder Recommendations
http://www.geek.com/htbc/glanbui.htm
Recomendaciones para los que desean construir su propia computadora. Piezas y precios estimados.
156
xComputer Lab 1
http://math.hws.edu/TMCM/java/labs/xComputerLab1.html
Contiene el applet XComputer, que simula una computadora simple. El estudiante puede cargar
programas y datos a la computadora y observar como estos se ejecutan la XComputer. La página incluye
ejercicios de práctica.
zdnet.com - de todo sobre computadoras y equipo relacionado. Buen website para conseguir evaluaciones
de equipo y software.
pricewatch.com - maquina de búsqueda para precios de piezas de computadora. Escriba el nombre de la
pieza que busca y pricewatch le regresa los suplidores y los precios.
Geek.com - The Online Technology Resource!
http://www.geek.com
Mucha información sobre muchos temas de tecnologia de computadoras (procesadores, PDA's, juegos,
redes inalámbricas)
ETCAI.ZIP (DOS 528K)
ePanorama.net
http://www.epanorama.net
Gran cantidad de links útiles para muchas areas de la electrónica (digital y analoga): digital signal
processing, hardware de computadoras, estándares para periferales, microcontroladores y CPUS, etc..
FindChips.com Search
http://www.findchips.com
Máquina de busqueda para encontrar chips en distintos proveedores: Digikey, Jameco, etc. La máquina
se encarga de buescar en las bases de datos de los proveedores y le informa si los chips estan o no
disponibles.
Computerize Your Room/House
http://www.aaroncake.net/circuits/crombuld.htm
Proyecto para controlar los enseres eléctricos de un cuarto o casa usando el puerto paralelo de la
computadora. Esta página es parte de una colección de proyectos en electrónica ofrecidos en la página
Electronic Circuits
Fil's FAQ-Link-In Corner: MailOrder List - Lista larga de compañias que venden chips por catalogo.
Tomi Engdahl's Electronics Pages
http://www.hut.fi/Misc/Electronics/circuits/index.html
Algunos proyectos interesantes utilizando los puerto comúnes de la computadora.