Friday, 25 October 2013

Electrochemical energy storage and conversion
The ideal and the real
For portable and transportation applications especially, a battery or fuel cell should store (and be able to deliver) the maximum amount of energy at the desired rate (power level) from a device that has the smallest possible weight and volume. The following parameters are commonly used to express these attributes:
Storage capacity or charge density, coulombs/liter or coulombs/kg;
Energy density, J/kg or watt-hour/lb
Power density, watts/kg
Voltage efficiency, ratio of output voltage to E°
Lifetime: shelf-life (resistance to self-discharge) or charge/recharge cycles
Physical limitations of battery performance
The most important of these are:
Effective surface area of the electrode. A 1-cm2 sheet of polished metal presents far less active surface than does one that contains numerous surface projections or pores. All useful batteries and fuel cells employ highly porous electrodes. Recent advances in nanotechnology are likely to greatly improve this parameter.
Current density of electrode surface. Expressed in amperes m–2, this is essentially a measure of the catalytic ability of the electrode, that is, its ability to reduce the activation energy of the electron transfer process.
Rate at which electroactive components can be delivered to or depart from the active electrode surface. These processes are controlled by thermal diffusion and are inhibited by the very narrow pores that are needed to produce the large active surface area.
Side reactions and irreversible processes. The products of the discharge reaction may tend to react with the charge-storing components. Thermal diffusion can also cause self-discharge, limiting the shelf life of the battery. Recharging of some storage batteries may lead to formation of less active modifications of solid phases, thus reducing the number of charge/discharge cycles possible.
Clearly, these are all primarily kinetic and mechanistic factors which require a great deal of experimentation to understand and optimize.

A battery is a galvanic cell in which some of the free energy change associated with a spontaneous electron-transfer reaction is captured in the form of electrical energy.
A secondary or storage battery is one in which the electron-transfer reaction can be reversed by applying a charging current from an external source.
A fuel cell is a special type of battery in which the reactants are supplied from an external source as power is produced. In most practical fuel cells, H+ ions are produced at the anode (either from H2 or a hydrocarbon) and oxygen from the air is reduced to H2O at the cathode.
The cathodic reduction of O2 is kinetically limited, necessitating the use of electrode surfaces having high catalytic activity.
The electrodes in batteries must have very high effective surface areas, and thus be highly porous. This requirement may conflict with the other important one of efficient diffusion of reactants and products in the narrow channels within the pores.
Batteries and fuel cells designed to power vehicles and portable devices need to have high charge-to-weight and charge-to volume ratios.
Net Calorific Value
Since the beginning of time, mankind had a good selection of fuels at his disposal and Table 1 provides the

net calorific value of ancient and modern fuels by mass (kg) and volume (liter). With the exception of hydrogen by mass, hydrocarbons offer the highest energy by weight. Hydrocarbons are petroleum, natural gas and coal, which are derived from living matter of past geological times. The sun, the source of all life, provided these canned energies.

Fuel	Energy by mass (Wh/kg)	Energy by volume (Wh/l)
Hydrogen (350 bar)*	39,300	750
Liquid hydrogen*	39,000	2,600
Propane	13,900	6,600
Butane	13,600	7,800
Diesel fuel	12,700	10,700
Gasoline	12,200	9,700
Natural gas(250 bar)	12,100	3,100
Body fat	10,500	9,700
Ethanol	7,850	6,100
Black coal(solid)	6,600	9,400
Methanol	6,400	4,600
Wood(average)	2.300	540
Li-cobalt battery	150	330
Li-manganese	120	280
Flywheel	120	210
NiMH battery	90	180
Lead acid battery	40	64
Compressed air	34	17
Supercapacitor	5	7

Table 1: Energy densities of fossil fuel and electrochemical batteries.Fossil fuel carries roughly 100 times the energy per mass compared to Li-ion.

Complied from various sources. Values are approximate.

* Hydrogen has the highest energy to mass ratio (Wh/kg), but energy by volume (Wh/l) reveals a truer picture in terms of storage and delivery. Diesel has almost 14 times the specific energy of pure hydrogen by volume (750Wh/l at 350 bar or 5,000psi).

Tuesday, 2 July 2013

Gibbs free energy and helm holtz free energy concept

the Helmholtz free energy, an environment at constant temperature T will contribute an amount TS to the system, reducing the overall investment necessary for creating the system. This net energy contribution for a system created in environment temperature T from a negligible initial volume is the Gibbs free energy.

The Helmholtz free energy is of interest mainly to chemical engineers (whose industrial-scale processes are often confined to tanks and reactors of fixed volume) and some geochemists whose interest is centered on the chemistry that occurs deep within the earth's surface.
The free energy enables us to do this for changes that occur at a constant temperature and pressure (the Gibbs free energy) or constant temperature and volume (the Helmholtz free energy.)

Wednesday, 15 May 2013

Green House gas emissions reached 350ppm on friday 10th may 2013

Happy 400ppm Week of CO2 gas
Happy 400 ppm week! What’d you get me?
This past week the Earth passed a wondrous milestone: atmospheric carbon dioxide levels reached 400 parts per million, a level not seen on the planet in at least two million years but probably more like ten (okay, so it hasn't hit 400 ppm at every measuring station, but in the Arctic it's actually been there for nearly a year).
Seeing as how scientists have now concluded that the safety level for CO2 levels is roughly 350 ppm, and we breezed by that rest stop in the early Nineties, 400 ppm doesn’t make all that much difference other than a nice marker for your kids to fondly dream about when we’ve reached 500 ppm and the Earth is on course for a civilization-ending six degrees centigrade rise in global average temperature.
With CO2 levels rising about 2 ppm each year, we’re roughly on course to hit 500 ppm in the next fifty years if we continue burning fossil fuels the way we’re doing now. The people knowledgeable about these kinds of things tend to think that global greenhouse gas emissions must peak in the next decade if humanity wants even a prayer of keeping the planet habitable. In order for that to happen, the entire developing world will have to skip economic development via fossil fuel extraction and burning, while those of us whittling our thumbs away at the apex of late-stage capitalism will have to stop our emissions on a dime.
Still, it’s not all doom and gloom. As New York Mag’s Jonathan Chait aptly points out, President Obama is well on his way to the emissions reductions he promised at Copenhagen in 2009 (not enough, but then again nothing politically palatable would be), and he still has one huge card to play. In twenty years no one is going to remember Benghazi or Boston or budget negotiations or any of the other distractions that flit by in the daily news cycle. The EPA regulations for existing power plants could be the most important component of his entire presidency, and we’ll find out within the next two years if he’s serious about climate change, and in turn, his legacy. While the Keystone pipeline remains a more potent litmus test for environmentalists (and Obama should reject it), the more powerful and important step would be for the EPA to regulate existing power plants by giving states an emissions cap, similar to a proposal from the National Resources Defense Council.
There are other signs that the world’s waking up to the utter catastrophe that lies in our immediate future. South Korea has passed the heaviest carbon price in the world. Germany’s solar power boom proves renewable energy is totally viable if the political will exists. Bill McKibben’s divestment movement continues to gain steam.
The problem is that none of this is happening fast enough. Having hit 400 ppm with emissions still climbing, it seems virtually unthinkable that the earth will avoid the 2 degree temperature increase that looks increasingly terrifying. The storms will get more powerful, the droughts will get more severe, the wildfires more devastating, sea levels will rise at least another foot this century.
Now all of that may sound rather anodyne in the abstract, but think about it this way: if you are one of these brave, foolhardly souls who has or is planning to have children, and if we continue with business as usual when it comes to burning fossil fuels, your child is virtually guaranteed to see the end of the world.
How does that sound, people my age having babies?
No equivocating on that one: If the world does not cooperate in bringing global emissions to a rapid halt and develop multiple ways to remediate carbon out of the atmosphere, your kids are going to watch the end times play out in disaster after disaster after disaster.
And you say I didn’t get you anything for 400 ppm week.

Tuesday, 23 April 2013

carbon capture projects status at different countries in the world

Fluidized Bed Spray Agglomeration

carbon capture projects status at different countries in the world
Carbon dioxide emitted from the plant's production process will be captured and combined with other chemicals to produce baking powder (which is sold as antacid ingredient for cattle feed), hydrochloric acid, bleach, and other common products for sale to PVS Chemicals. If there is no market for the quantity produced, it can be converted into solid minerals for disposal.

Friday, 5 April 2013

International energy agency journals

International energy Agency
Recent Trends in chemical engineering
engineering Proceedings of international
opensource articles -important
www.CSLforum.org
Open source from Qscience.com
open access journal papers from Austria http://www.chemical-looping.at/publications.asp?Kategorie=2
open access journals on chemical looping combustion
open access journal from kerala state "applied science innovations"
open access journals from network.BEPRESS.com in chemical engineering
OGST - Revue d'IFP Energies nouvelles - open access journel papers
journal papers to down load from user stored article at university weblink
2nd oxyfuel combustion conference papers to download 12th- 16th, September ,2011, Capricorn Resort, Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia.
3rd Oxyfuel Combustion Conference Date 9th- 13th September 2013, Ponferrada, Spain
1st International Conference on Chemical Looping, 17-19 March 2010, IFP-Lyon, France
International Conference on Chemical Looping 2012, 26th to 28th of September 2012, in Darmstadt, Germany – A Concept for Efficient and Clean Use of Fossil Resources
COMSOL conference papers
http://www3.kfupm.edu.sa/catsymp/pastsymp.htm (saudi arabia ,King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, proceedings )

Dossiers published since 2004

2012

2011

European Hydrocarbon Resources (6-2011)
R&D for Cleaner and Fuel Efficient Engines and Vehicles (5-2011)
IFP Energies nouvelles International Conference: E-COSM'09 - IFAC Workshop on Engine and Powertrain Control, Simulation and Modeling (4-2011)
Chemical reaction modelling of refining processes (3-2011)
IFP Energies nouvelles International Conference: Chemical Looping - An Alternative Concept for Efficient and Clean Use of Fossil Resources (2-2011)
IFP Energies nouvelles International Conference: Deep Saline Aquifers for Geological Storage of CO₂ and Energy (1-2011)

2010

Design of Sustainable Processes (5-2010)
CO2 Storage in the Struggle against Climate Change (3-2010 & 4-2010)
Fractured Reservoir Simulation (2-2010)
IFP International Conference – Advances in Hybrid Powertrains (1-2010)

2009

Catalysts and Adsorbents: from Molecular Insight to Industrial Optimization (6-2009)
Complex Colloidal System (5-2009)
Simulation Tools for Powertrain Design and Control (3-2009)
The Fischer-Tropsch Process (1-2009)

2008

Diesel Engines and Fuels: a Wide Range of Evolutions to Come (4-2008)
Thermodynamics 2007 (3-2008)
Molecular Structure of Heavy Oils and Coal Liquefaction Products (1-2008)

2007

Special Issue in Honour of Yves Chauvin, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2005 (6-2007)
New Trends on Engine Control, Simulation and Modelling (4-2007)
Closure and Abandonment of Oil and Gas Wells (3-2007)
Quantitative Methods in Reservoir Characterization (2-2007)
Recent Advances in the Analysis of Catalysts and Petroleum Products (1-2007)

2006

Deformation of Solid Polymers (6-2006)
Research Advances in Rational Design of Catalysts and Sorbents (4-2006)
Petroleum Industry Applications of Thermodynamics (3-2006)
Energy-Environment-Economics and Thermodynamics (2-2006)
Development and Control of Combustion Systems (1-2006)

2005

Trace Analysis in the Petroleum Industry (6-2005)
Synchrotron and Neutron Solutions to Oil Industry Problems (5-2005)
Software Interoperability for Petroleum Applications (4-2005)
CO₂ Capture and Geological Storage: State-of-the-Art (3-2005)
Gas-Water-Rock Interactions Induced by Reservoir Exploitation, CO₂ Sequestration, and other Geological Storage (1-2005 &2-2005)