process dynamics and control objective questions and answers

https://www.sanfoundry.com/1000-control-systems-questions-answers/
https://electronicspost.com/multiple-choice-questions-and-answers-on-control-systems/
https://www.careerride.com/mcq/control-systems-electronic-engineering-mcq-questions-answers-292.aspx
http://www.gcebargur.ac.in/sites/gcebargur.ac.in/files/Control%20System%20Objective%20Type%20Questions.pdf
https://www.gateacademy.co.in/pdf/Control-System/1.pdf
https://www.sanfoundry.com/1000-control-systems-questions-answers/
https://instrumentationtools.com/top-100-control-systems-objective-questions-answers/
https://electronicspost.com/multiple-choice-questions-and-answers-on-control-systems/
https://instrumentationtools.com/top-100-control-systems-objective-questions-answers/

Section 5 - Instrumentation and Process Control

Measurement of process variables; sensors, transducers and their dynamics, process modeling and linearization, transfer functions and dynamic responses of various systems, systems with inverse response, process reaction curve, controller modes (P, PI, and PID); control valves; analysis of closed loop systems including stability, frequency response, controller tuning, cascade and feed forward control.

energy fuel in comparison with lithium ion battery energy

gasoline is the champion at 47.5 MJ/kg and 34.6 MJ/liter; the gasoline in a fully fueled car has the same energy content as a thousand sticks of dynamite. A lithium-ion battery pack has about 0.3 MJ/kg and about 0.4 MJ/liter (Chevy VOLT). Gasoline thus has about 100 times the energy density of a lithium-ion battery. This difference in energy density is partially mitigated by the very high efficiency of an electric motor in converting energy stored in the battery to making the car move: it is typically 60-80 percent efficient. The efficiency of an internal combustion engine in converting the energy stored in gasoline to making the car move is typically 15 percent (EPA 2012). With the ratio about 5, a battery with an energy storage density 1/5 of that of gasoline would have the same range as a gasoline-powered car. We are not even close to this at present.Powering a car with electricity is considerably more efficient than powering a car with gasoline in terms of primary-energy consumption. While the efficiency of energy use of an electric car is very high, most power plants producing electricity are only about 30 percent efficient in converting primary energy to electricity delivered to the user. Conversion of petroleum to gasoline is highly efficient. This results in electricity having a factor of 1.6 improvement in use of primary energy relative to gasoline, and is an important point in its favor.A 2008 APS report on energy efficiency examined statistics on how many miles Americans drive per day. The conclusion of that study was that a full fleet of PHEVs with a 40-mile (60-km) electric range could reduce gasoline consumption by more than 60 percent. Thus America may not need a full fleet of BEVs to achieve a very considerable reduction in gasoline use.


Energy densities of common batteries
Cathode materials are comprised of cobalt, nickel and manganese in the crystal structure forming a multi-metal oxide material to which lithium is added. This family of batteries includes a variety of products that cater to different user needs for high energy density and/or high load capacity. The table below breaks down the most commonly used Lithium-ion battery cathode chemistries on the market into four groups: Cobalt, Manganese, NMC and Phosphate.

Chemistry	Nominal V	Charge V limit	Charge & Discharge C-rates	Energy Density Wh/kg	Applications
Cobalt	3.60V	4.20V	1C limit	110-190	Cell phone, cameras, laptops
Manganese (spinel)	3.7-3.80V	4.20V	10C cont. 40C pulse	110-120	Power tools, medical equipment
NCM (nickel-cobalt manganese)	3.70V	4.10V*	~ 5C cont. 30C pulse	95-130	Power tools, medical equipment
Phosphate	3.2-3.30V	3.60V*	35C cont.	95-140	Power tools, medical equipment

* Higher voltages provide more capacity but reduce cycle life
Lithium polymer batteries detailed manufacturing procedure along with diagrams and videos of manufacturing

Fool proof guide for an interview question

A foolproof guide to ace telephonic interview

3 ways of negotiating salary raise with your boss

5 ways you could lose your chance of becoming a manager

10 things you need to crack an IT interview

26 high paying jobs

5 soft skills you need for a successful career

Smart questions candidates ask at the end of a job interview

Information on Limitations of Renewable Energy Systems

Surviving the Debate over Renewable Energy Tax Credits
Photovoltaic system limitations
important disadvantages of photovoltaic systems
Barriers or Limitations of renewable energy systems and capital cost limitations to produce large quantities
Economic limitations of renewable energy systems as on 2016 year

Chemical Purity or grades abbreviation details

Purity grades abbreviations meaning
testing methods of pH of food and chemicals
Towards Liquid fuels from CO2
Catalyst that converts carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide in water

Selective electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to formate by a water-soluble iridium pincer catalyst

Carbon dioxide reforming
Acid-Base behavior of metal oxides

Chemicals compatibility Chart by totton PUMPS

Hard disk data - for permanent removal and for recovery aswell

Deleting the hard disk drive data permanently is by "file shredder software" and retrieving the data through "EaseUS data recovery software" for removal of data from solid State Drives (SSD)

Excelsheet model graphs to draw
Creating triangular plots in Excel

Kutools - a software based on Excel sheet

Chemistry - atomic orbitals basics information

Orbitals arrangements in atoms  with images
orbital animations to view
goal finder from matter to atom and other subjects
www.webqc.org
https://bse.pnl.gov/bse/portal
http://www.chemtube3d.com/solidstate/_hcp(final).htm
Physics and Chemistry animation
Colorado university animation links
team physics animations
iowa state university animations
Biology and chemistry animations for teachers
chemguide for physics and chemistry
https://www.csun.edu/science/software/simulations/chemistry.html
http://www.anachem.umu.se/cgi-bin/pointer.exe?Software
Free Maths and science educational software

Thrmodynamic properties estimation online for free

www.matweb.com
FACT thermodynamics
http://mansoori.people.uic.edu/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html
http://www.thermocalc.com/academia/students/educational-package-for-students/
Chemical portal-chemistry-tools online
http://www.kagaku.com/malt/
Chem Sage
ChemSheet
http://www.computherm.com/index.php?route=common/home
Antoine equation for thermodynamic properties  in place of Clausius - Clapeyron equation for pure lids or solids

Cp values and its Enthalpy of formation online
DiagPlot is a freeware to draw a 2D & 3D phase diagrams
thermodata for fee
http://ihed.ras.ru/~thermo/thermo_inet.htm
http://www.fzu.cz/~sestak/yyx/DataEvaluation.pdf
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/thermo/faq/finding-thermochemical-data.shtml
https://app.knovel.com/web/toc.v/cid:kpKCTE000X/
http://www.engineersedge.com/materials/specific_heat_capacity_of_metals_13259.htm
http://www2.ucdsb.on.ca/tiss/stretton/database/Specific_Heat_Capacity_Table.html

BASICS of thermodynamics - direction of chemical reaction

thermodynamic property estimation weblinks

http://mansoori.people.uic.edu/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html
http://researchguides.njit.edu/physical_properties
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
http://mansoori.people.uic.edu/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html
http://ihed.ras.ru/~thermo/thermo_inet.htm
http://srdata.nist.gov/gateway/gateway?keyword=enthalpy+of+formation
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/111435/zeyuli_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

WiFi radiation measurement methods and preventive fabric details

Collection of some useful weblinks for radiation safety of human health, due to exposure of high frequency wireless environment, were given below
www.4ehsbyehs.com/rf-blocking-fabrics
Electromagnetic Hyper Sensitivity(EHS) affected persons usually feel paid in ears or headache with little time of exposure with cell phone usage

Map WiFi coverage and make it faster software is freely downloadable with limited time version

EMF "Safety standards" not so safe

A Safety Standard is a problematic term. Safety standard are set by a committee of experts who tried to validate how much radiation is safe and how much is not safe. In the process of setting the standard many aspects, other then safety or health, are taking into consideration. For example: financial, technical and political. Sometimes when you can not technically meet the standard, or meeting it will result in financial cost, the standard is gently shifted to please everyone and to save money. The international standards for low (used to be 1000 milliGauss, since 2005 it is 2000mG) and high frequency(1000-400 micro watts square centimeter) electromagnetic radiation are very high. Both takes into account only the immediate, obvious and permanent damage to the body and does not take into account any long-term or biological effects. Some companies and organizations will use these outrageous high so called "safety standards", without explanation of the true essence of it and its limitations. 

ICNIRP(The committee that set the standards) takes IEEE standards, approve them for humans, and recommend them to the WHO's EMF study group(EMF Project). The EMF Study group, approve these standards and give them an "international" validity. Then the WHO's EMF study group(EMF Project) introduce the standards as recommendation to countries around the world. Most Countries that embrace the WHO standards for EMF exposure of humans

Assessment of the exposure load

As far as exposure to EMF radiation is concerned, EHS people that are exposed to EMF will feel pain and suffer from symptoms. Therefor EHS people should try to reduce their exposure to the absolute minimum possible. For people who are not EHS (yet) it is recommended to reduce the exposure load as much as possible.  

Exposure load should be assessed based on several elements, some are measurable and some should be based on knowledge and understanding of the EMF subject and "big picture". The elements are:

1. Number of signal on the frequency span
2. The level-strength of the signals
3. Exposure time

The number of signal could be measured only by using a spectrum analyzer. This equipment is expensive and is rarely used in EMF safety surveys. So usually we will use our knowledge of EMF and RF. The level of the radiation can be roughly measured (only " roughly " because of the multi sources, low duty cycle, and multi frequency issues, please see above) using EMF meters. The time of exposure can be easily assessed in most cases.

Lets take for example the exposure of a person to EMF radiation from a mobile phone. The phone can emits several frequencies (RF) while transmitting. In addition it will emits some levels of ELF.  We don't have control over the number of frequencies emitted, but we should take that into consideration while assessing the exposure load (and while doing the measurement). The radiation level can be partially and roughly measured using and EMF meter, just keep in mind that you are not measuring all of it. The radiation level can be controlled by using the phone in open environment (not in elevators, trains, cars or indoors) where the reception is better and where the phone will emit less RF radiation. In addition using the speaker phone function or a wired earpiece will reduce the exposure even more. The time of exposure can be easily assessed and reduced buy keeping the conversation short and to the point. 

Duty Cycle

Duty Cycle is measured in %. It marks the parentage of the second the signal (RF signal) was present. In case of AM and FM broadcast the duty cycle is 100%. In case of cellphone towers the duty cycle is usually between 50%-80% depending on the traffic. In case of WIFI, DECT, UMTS and CDMA cell phones, Bluetooth devices and many more modern RF signals, most of the time the duty cycle is lower than 10%. A single with low duty cycle will be noticeable only by a meter with a very high sampling rate. 

The ratio between the peak value and the average measured value, can give some clue about the duty cycle. A high ratio, for example Peak=1mW/m² and Average=0.001mW/m² will mean low duty cycle (like WIFI). A low ratio, for example Peak=1mW/m² and Average=0.8mW/m² will mean a high duty cycle(like from a cellular tower). 

Regarding the possible biological effect of RF radiation I think that also low duty cycle signals, like for example WIFI, have the ability to effect and disturber biological systems. These effects can result into health issues. Therefor I don't take lightly the possible health effect that can be caused by low duty cycle signals. I actually look at law duty cycle signals at the same severity as high duty cycle signals.

Multi frequency and multiple sources measurements

Please note that most of the High-frequency electromagnetic radiation meters that I encountered to date (both professional and simple) are not able to measure multiple frequencies and multiple radiation sources correctly (mobile, WIFI, cellular antennas, cordless phones, etc.). This limitation is due to the difficulty of measuring and summing up all the radiation levels in all the frequencies. Therefore the measurement of radiation sources that emit RF radiation in several frequencies (eg: WIFI, mobile phone antennas mailman third or cellular) or measuring several radiation sources at once may not be accurate and the results will generally be lower than the radiation levels in reality. It is still possible to use these meters to expose radiation sources and to understand how to shield and how to reduce your exposure from them. The only why to measure multi-frequency and mutli-sources environment is by using a vary fast spectrum analyzer.

instrument working principles

Gas Chromatography
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy on the SEM

Membrane Technologies for CO₂ Capture (PhD thesis) 2010

Inductively Coupled Plasma/Optical Emission Spectrometry

CO₂ capture using membrane separation technology

Characterization of porous membranes

Scanning Electron microscope operation

Membrane types and types of driving forces

List of Open access journals in the world

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS -A publication of The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC Servizi
List of Indian journals in chemical Engineering
Finding the right journal from Springer to publish for the abstract - suitable
finding the suitable journal to publish for our obstrat from EDANZ

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin

List of stand alone access (journals list) in the world with open access to download
finding /  identifying potential journals to publish - suitable to our research abstracts

Finding suitable journals to our research abstract in Elsevier publications
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15435075.2014.966374

freely downloadable technical papers from open access

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (Taylor's University, Malaysia, An open access journal, NO processing fee for publication )

adsorption kinetics in carbon capture

2004 - Prediction of Adsorption of Nonideal Mixtures in Nanoporous Materials
2013 - Evaluating Mixture Adsorption Models Using Molecular Simulation, AIChE Journal, 2013, 59(8), 3054- 3064
2014 - Thermodynamic Benchmarking of CO2 Capture Systems: Exergy Analysis Methodology for Adsorption Processes
Ph.D thesis- 2014- Adsorption Of Light Gases And GasMixtures On Zeolites And Nanoporous Carbons

Top 20 countries in all fields with active research publication papers

Top 20 countries in active research

Papers
Rank	Field	Papers	Citations	Citations Per Paper
1	USA	2,974,344	44,669,056	15.02
2	GERMANY	766,162	9,406,841	12.28
3	ENGLAND	682,018	9,399,334	13.78
4	JAPAN	788,650	7,602,742	9.64
5	FRANCE	548,046	6,304,141	11.50
6	CANADA	424,562	5,233,211	12.33
7	ITALY	403,588	4,417,871	10.95
8	NETHERLANDS	236,344	3,419,657	14.47
9	PEOPLES R CHINA	649,689	3,404,466	5.24
10	AUSTRALIA	276,622	3,067,686	11.09
11	SPAIN	305,430	2,942,425	9.63
12	SWITZERLAND	171,248	2,693,730	15.73
13	SWEDEN	174,789	2,407,364	13.77
14	BELGIUM	128,800	1,613,458	12.53
15	SCOTLAND	106,559	1,522,948	14.29
16	SOUTH KOREA	237,652	1,515,555	6.38
17	DENMARK	92,734	1,369,297	14.77
18	INDIA	253,520	1,288,075	5.08
19	ISRAEL	109,410	1,287,435	11.77
20	RUSSIA	273,189	1,199,538	4.39

http://www.scijournal.org/top-20-countries.html

Journal impact factor finding

Journal abbreviations

recognised list of journals in the world by SCI journal.org